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FAECAL ANALYSIS- CHEMICAL EXAMINATION Stool cohrare FacCcordinmg to the Bristol Stoo! Chart, these are the Cifferent categories of feces and what trey indicate: “Type i Separate Mmard turmnps, like mutts Type 2 SausaGQGe-snraped amd lturnpy Type => Sausage snapped with cracks om the surface Tyrp-pe ad Sausage or snake-snaped, — SmmrOorm and soft ——- = Type S&S Soft blobs with clear-cut edges Type SG Flutty.. mushy piceces Type 7 WVYatery and liquid Type tor 2s: rou may be cCcomstipatec Type 3S or 4: wou nave ideal stool Type 5S. Gor Wt You may Mave Ciarrhea& BLOOD ¢ Absent in stool. * BENZIDINE TEST FOR PRESENCE OF BLOOD IN STOOL: * Piece stool dissolved in 2 ml of D.water- 5 min boil-cool by adding same ml water-5 to 6 drops of benzidine solution-shake it-3 ml of hydrogen peroxide. * Appearance of blue green or deep blue colour-presence of blood. * HAEMOSPOT TEST (GUAIAC TEST): ° Kit UROBILINOGEN IN STOOL ¢ Normal value : 125-400 Ehrlich units/24 hrs. ¢ 75-350 Ehrlich units/100 g. * Increased values due to haemolytic anaemia * Decreased values- Biliary obstruction, severe liver disease, Infectious hepatitis. 1. Qualitative demonstration of fat. ¢ Sudan III, Sudan IV and Oil red O. ¢ Sample+glacial acetic acid, sudan III-spread on microscopic slide. * Normal-<60 medium or small sized red orange stained fat globules/HPF. 2. Quantitative estimation of fat. Gravimetric method: * Fatty acid soaps(calcium and magnesium salts of fatty acid) and extraction of lipids then evaporated and lipid residue can be weighed. ¢ Normal value: <7 g of fat per 24 hr Fecal Parasites (some potentially deadly, some harmless) a sae Pinworm eges ati Se == - : Giardia cyst Giordia trophozoites Porktapewormeges Fish tapeworm & hookworm egg €BE = = erdca's = f Entamoeba Entamoeba ‘Tapeworm egg Multispecies montage histolytica cyst coli cyst (Hynrenolepis) of fecal parasites REMNANTS OF FOOD VEGETABLE FIBRES VEGETABLE CELLS VEGETABLE HAIRS STARCH GRANULES MUSCLE FIBRES DIGESTED MEAT FIBRES UNSTAINED NEUTRAL FAT ——- <=> Hair Muscle fiber ( =) Fae QQ Vegetable fiber Sperm )) Fat globule labpedia.nct Fae bubbic CONNECTIVE TISSUE ELASTIC FIBRES CRYSTALS IN STOOL * Charcot-Leyden crystals ¢ Haematoidin crystals * Crystals of drugs ° Fatty acid ¢ Calcium oxalate labpedia.net * Triple phosphates. PARASITES IN STOOL CONCENTRATION PROCEDURE: 1. Sedimentation procedure: Eggs and cysts settle down at the bottom. 2. Floatation procedure: Eggs and cyst float at the surface. Flotation procedure of Clayton-Lane * One gram of faeces emulsified with saturated sodium chloride with Sp. Gr 1200. * Slide is kept on it to touch the emulsion. * Invert it-ova of many helminths will float and stick to the slide. ° Place the coverslip and observe under microscope. Hoi eaturaltd) 9 se Wel solution ow = esi ig steel Simple St Fototion if eve soit le ode til the container neurly ful Gloss Slide Ploeed ‘aver fog of the Tube f (Filowed to Stared for 3bmine) os 2 ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA AND ITS CYST E.COLI ENTEROBIUS VERMICULARIS 
