FALLACIES or PSEUDOPROOFS
☼ FALLACIES IN LOGIC/LOGOS
Hasty Generalizations
- jumping to conclusions
Post Hoc
- problem with causation or “false cause”
Appeal to Ignorance
- an argument for or against a proposition on the basis of a lack of evidence against or for it
Begging the Question – (plagues logos/ethos/pathos)
- refusal to make an argument: no support is provided by the arguer
- claim is simply restated over and over, in one form or another
False dichotomy
- dichotomy = two alternatives that don’t overlap and are mutually exclusive
Mismatch of claim and support
Red Herring
• provides irrelevant and misleading support that pulls audience away from the real
argument
Non-Sequitur (does not follow)
• conclusion doesn’t follow from the evidence
Straw Man
- attributing an argument to an opponent that he/she never made, and then refuting it
☼ FALLACIES AFFECTING CHARACTER/ETHOS
Ad hominem (attacking the man)
- attacks a person’s character rather than his/her ideas
Guilt by association
- suggests that people’s character can be judged by character of their associates
☼ FALLACIES AFFECTING EMOTION/PATHOS
Bandwagon appeal
- if everyone is doing something, you should do it to
Slippery Slope
- if we allow one thing to happen, we will slide down the slippery slope to disaster
Argument Ad Populum
- Ineffective or wrong appeal to some audience characteristic (e.g. presumed bias)
PSC 202
February 9, 2007
