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FEDVTE LINUX OPERATING SYSTEM
SECURITY FINAL EXAM SCRIPT 2026
QUESTIONS WITH 100% CORRECT
ANSWERS
⩥ A standard specification for creating web server programs that accept data from web clients, process the data, and return a result. For example, each hypertext markup language (HTML) form needs a corresponding CGI program to process form data sent to its web site. CGI programs can be written in a variety of languages, including C, C++, Perl, Java and shell scripting languages. Answer: common gateway interface (CGI) ⩥ Short for distribution, it is used to describe a specific distribution of Linux built from the basic Linux operating system (OS) that includes additional applications. Examples of a distro are Red Hat, Debian and SuSe. Answer: distro ⩥ An Internet service that translates domain names into Internet protocol (IP) addresses. Because domain names are alphanumeric, they are easier to remember. The Internet, however, is really based on IP addresses. Every time you use a domain name, a DNS server must translate the name into the corresponding IP address. For example, the domain name www.ncti.com might translate to 198.105.232.4. DNS can also translate IP addresses to names. Answer: Domain Name System (DNS)
⩥ A protocol used to assign addresses to computers as they boot up on a network without requiring user intervention. DHCP simplifies Internet protocol (IP) network management (IP address, default gateway address, a Domain Name System (DNS) address, and additional information so configured) by dynamically assigning IP addresses to logical end stations for fixed periods of time. Answer: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) ⩥ The native filesystems used by Linux. They offer high throughput, long file names, permissions, and error tolerance. Ext4 is the default filesystem on most Linux distributions. Only Linux reads and writes ext4. To share a filesystem with another operating system (OS) format using exFAT or FAT32 (file allocation table). Answer: ext2/ext3/ext ⩥ Consists of the directory structure and organizational method used by the operating system (OS) to track files within a partition on a disk. Files are named and placed logically for storage and retrieval. The Microsoft Windows, Apple, Linux, and UNIX-based operating systems all have file systems which places files in a hierarchical (tree) structure. Answer: filesystem ⩥ One of the primary desktop interfaces used by Linux. Answer: GNOME ⩥ Linux is commonly released under the GPL license and is one of many licenses available for open-source development. The GPL states that the source code for software released under it must be made
⩥ Allows email clients to retrieve messages from a mail server. IMAP leaves client messages on the server this allows multiple email client applications to access the messages. Answer: Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ⩥ When a Linux personal computer (PC) is attached to two different networks via two separate network interface cards (NIC), IP forwarding determines whether the PC passes traffic that originated on the first network is destined for the second. In other words, IP forwarding determines whether the Linux PC can act as a router or just as a host. By default, IP forwarding is disabled. Answer: Internet protocol (IP) forwarding ⩥ The recommended firewall iptables ships with Linux systems using kernel version 2.4 or later. Iptables allows a Linux root user to add firewall type filtering to the Linux kernel. The successor to iptables is nftables, which was released for the 3.13 kernel in January of 2014. Answer: iptables ⩥ Keeps a log (journal) of all changes to files residing in it. In case of a system crash or disk corruption, the journal helps get the filesystem operational much faster than other methods. Answer: journaling filesystem ⩥ One of the primary desktop interfaces used by Linux. Answer: K Desktop Environment (KDE)
⩥ The essential center of a computer operating system (OS); the core that provides basic services for all other parts of the OS. The kernel hands memory allocation, disk space, central processing unit (CPU) processing, and more. A kernel can be contrasted with a shell, the outermost part of an OS that interacts with user commands. Answer: kernel ⩥ Refers to the Linux kernel plus any applications and libraries that developers package with it. There are hundreds of Linux distributions each with a specific purpose. Examples of Linux distributions include Mint, Ubuntu, Red Hat, and Debian. Answer: Linux distribution ⩥ Internet protocol (IP) masquerading is the network address translation (NAT) version in which multiple private IP addresses share a single public address across the public Internet. Answer: masquerade ⩥ The ability of a computer to execute multiple processes and applications simultaneously within an operating system (OS). Although a computer with a single processing unit can only execute one instruction at a time, a multitasking OS can load and manage the execution of multiple applications by allocating computer processing cycles to each application in sequence. The perceived result is the simultaneous processing of multiple applications or tasks. There are two kinds of multitasking: preemptive and cooperative. With preemptive multitasking, the OS is in charge and manages system resource
⩥ Protocols developed by Sun Microsystems to centrally maintain user logins, passwords, home directories, hostnames, and group information, among other things. NIS+ has been replaced by lightweight directory access protocol (LDAP) and Microsoft Active Directory (AD) technologies. Answer: Network Information Service (NIS/NIS+) ⩥ The primary filesystem used by Microsoft Windows operating systems (OS). Answer: new technology file system (NTFS) ⩥ Refers to the programming development philosophy whereby source code for applications, along with the software, is released analysis and modification free of charge. Any developer may modify or add to it (fees may be charged for those added components). Open-source development allows a large pool of interested developers to contribute their bug fixes and upgrade to a specific project. Periodically, the best modifications become part of the next "official" release of the core software. Thus, open source software benefits from the best ideas and approaches of the worldwide software development community. The Linux OS and the Apache web server are two of the best-known examples of open source software. Answer: open source ⩥ A transmission control protocol/Internet protocol (TCP/IP) utility that uses Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) echo request and echo reply to test the connectivity to another networked device. It is used to verify that a computer's Internet protocol (IP) software is running properly and to verify the connectivity between computers. Ping transmits a test message to a destination host and asks that host to reply. Answer: ping
⩥ Unifies system authentication and access control and allows plugging of associated authentication modules through well-defined interfaces. The core components of the PAM framework are the authentication library application programming interface (API) (the front end) and the authentication mechanism specific modules (the back end), connected through the service provider interface (SPI). Applications write to the PAM API, while the authentication-system providers write to the PAM SPI and supply the back-end modules that are independent of the application. Answer: pluggable authentication module (PAM) ⩥ A proposed universal interface between application programs and OS's, defined and maintained by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Portable Applications Standards Committee. It assures developers that their software can be easily ported to POSIX-compliant OS's, including most varieties of UNIX as well as Apple OS X and macOS. Answer: POSIX (Portable Operating System Interface for UNIX) ⩥ An email service implemented on transmission control protocol (TCP) Port 110 that provides clients access to a simple mail transfer protocol (SMTP) server which holds their email messages. Answer: Post Office Protocol version 3 (POP3) ⩥ Also called class of service, it refers to a set of techniques for assigning priority to packets or frames from a given application as it travels across a network. QoS settings can offer priority service to time-
⩥ A secure replacement for Telnet, file transfer protocol (FTP), remote copy protocol (RCP), and other protocols that encrypt commands and data in transit. Answer: Secure Shell (SSH) ⩥ The protocol used to communicate with devices located on a local area network (LAN). SMB can run directly over transmission control protocol (TCP) or it can use Network Basic Input/Output System (NetBIOS) at the Session Layer to communicate and share files and printers with other operating systems (OS). Functions requiring LAN support, such as retrieving files from a file server, are translated into SMB commands before they are sent to a remote device. One version of SMB is Common Internet File System (CFIS); Samba can use this message format for file sharing. Answer: server message block (SMB) ⩥ A multi-platform open source intrusion detection service that allows administrators to track potential attack exploits. Answer: Snort ⩥ A web page and Internet content caching and hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) forwarding proxy server. Squid is provided as open- source software and can be used under the GNU Public License (GPL) license of the Free Software Foundation. Answer: Squid ⩥ A debugging tool that identifies the path through a network from the local machine to the remote machine by identifying the routers or hops between them. Answer: traceroute
⩥ A Linux web server; it offers only static web pages but runs entirely inside the Linux kernel, making it the fastest web server available for Linux. Answer: Tux ⩥ Refers to hard disk space used as random access memory (RAM). This enlarges the amount of memory available to a system. Answer: virtual memory ⩥ A graphical user interface (GUI) application, such as xterm, that takes advantage of X server resources. Answer: X client ⩥ An application that handles input/output (I/O) and display management in the X Window System. Answer: X server ⩥ A graphical user interface (GUI) standard for UNIX and Linux. Answer: X Window System ⩥ To determine the kernel version being used on a Linux system, at the prompt type: Answer: uname - r ⩥ This command-line tool asks a series of questions to determine the correct configuration. Because of the number of questions, it is best to use one of the next two options. Answer: make config
⩥ Linux includes sendmail for simple mail transfer protocol (SMTP) services. Some applications offer Post Office Protocol version 3 (POP3) and/or Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) support, so Linux mail servers can be used with various mail clients across various operating systems (OS). Answer: Email services ⩥ FTP servers are available for Linux. FTP stores files on a server and allows clients to upload and download from this central repository. Answer: File transfer protocol (FTP) services ⩥ Linux includes MySQL and PostgreSQL databases with many distributions. Both databases offer client/server operation through the standard Structured Query Language (SQL). These databases can also be used with Apache to offer dynamic web content. Answer: Database servers ⩥ You can use DHCP to assign Internet protocol (IP) addresses (and other information) to clients, eliminating the need for manual configuration and device readdressing. DNS provides domain name-to- IP address and reverse address resolution. DNS can be paired with DHCP, which we refer to generally as Dynamic DNS (DDNS), so that DNS tables can be dynamically updated to include hosts whose IP addresses are assigned by DHCP. Answer: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) and Domain Name System (DNS) services ⩥ Linux offers lightweight directory access protocol (LDAP) support through OpenLDAP. LDAP can be used for centralized user
authorization and as a corporate directory for telephone numbers, email addresses, and so forth. Linux can also be used as a Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service (RADIUS) server to offer authentication, authorization, and accounting (AAA) support to remote users who need secure access to corporate network resources. Answer: Centralized user directory ⩥ Some Linux distributions can be configured as turnkey firewalls. Firewall software is included with more general purpose distributions. Iptables offers enhanced firewall capabilities. Distributions offer NAT support across more than one computer network interface card (NIC). Answer: Firewalls and Network Address Translation (NAT) ⩥ Security features are included with Linux. Aside from firewalls, Linux offers TCP wrappers to control access to local services. Pluggable authentication modules (PAM) offer a scalable, or granular, approach to authentication services, allowing a system administrator to control the authentication mechanisms used on a computer. Snort provides intrusion detection services to allow administrators to track potential exploits. OpenSSH offers Secure Shell (SSH) support: an encrypted Telnet, FTP, and remote copy protocol (RCP) replacement. Answer: Security ⩥ Linux offers SNMP client and server support. When combined with third-party tools (both open-source and proprietary), Linux can be used as a powerful management platform. Answer: Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) support
⩥ RPM is included in many distributions and simplifies software installation. It is a mechanism for bundling many binary or source files into a single package and installing them in the correct place on a remote system using a single command. RPM also handles upgrades and deinstallation. Answer: Red Hat Package Manager (RPM) support ⩥ CUPS is a program for sharing printers among UNIX systems. It also supports several non-UNIX OS's, including Linux and Apple macOS. CUPS uses the Internet Printing Protocol (IPP) to print to either local or network printers Answer: Common UNIX Printing System (CUPS) support ⩥ Which Linux application supports firewall functionality in the version 2.4 and greater kernel versions? Answer: iptables. ⩥ You wish to host a corporate web site on a Linux server. Which application adds web server functionality to Linux? Answer: Apache. ⩥ You want to use a Linux server as a network device management station. Which protocol can be installed on the server to support this functionality? Answer: Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP). ⩥ What are the most common types of applications that run on Linux? Answer: Network applications.
⩥ Which of the following are protocol analyzer applications available for use on the Linux platform? (Choose two.) Answer: Wireshark. Kismet. ⩥ Which of the following is not a branch of the Debian development tree? Answer: Released. ⩥ What two popular Linux distributions use installation mechanisms other than Red Hat and Debian? Answer: Slackware. Gentoo. ⩥ What does Red Hat's Bluecurve technology do? Answer: Smooths over the differences between KDE and GNOME. ⩥ What are the competing Linux desktop environments? (Choose two.) Answer: KDE. GNOME.
⩥ Under what license is Linux released? Answer: GNU General Public License (GPL). ⩥ What is the Linux shell? Answer: Command interpreter and scripting language. ⩥ Which Linux application supports centralized user authorization and directory services? Answer: OpenLDAP. ⩥ Which Linux distribution has the distinction of being the oldest surviving Linux distribution that is known for its stability? Answer: Slackware. ⩥ Which of the following is developed as a CD-based Debian-like distribution, or design, to run off the CD drive? Answer: Knoppix. ⩥ Where does Red Hat store networking parameters? Answer: /etc/sysconfig directory ⩥ Which Linux tool is used for monitoring and changing network parameters? Answer: Ifconfig. ⩥ Which application allows Linux to share files and printers with Microsoft Windows devices? Answer: Samba.
⩥ Which Linux tool allows you to run Windows applications natively on an x86 platform? Answer: WINE. ⩥ Which file handles Samba Server Configuration in Linux? Answer: Smb.conf. ⩥
