Partial preview of the text
Download Final Exam | ANTH 322 - and more Quizzes Economics in PDF only on Docsity!
Dialect
A variety of language associated with a region or group
TERM 2
Linguistics
DEFINITION 2
Scientific study of natural language
TERM 3
Grammar
DEFINITION 3
Implicit building codes for constructing language
TERM 4
Grammatical
DEFINITION 4
The sentence is possible and has meaning
TERM 5
Ungrammatical
DEFINITION 5
The sentence is not possible and has no meaning
Syntax
The order/grouping of wordsHow the words come together
TERM 7
Semantics
DEFINITION 7
meaning
TERM 8
Pragmatics
DEFINITION 8
Context, conventions, goals of the speaker
TERM 9
Morphology
DEFINITION 9
How words are produced
TERM 10
Phonology
DEFINITION 10
How sounds are organized
Informal Standard
Spoken, regional variations, designated by general practice,
no stigmatized features
TERM 17
Vernacular
DEFINITION 17
Spoken, regional variations, designated by general practice,
has stigmatized features
TERM 18
Descriptive purpose
DEFINITION 18
Describe human faculty to create language and characterize
the ability to use language meaningfully
TERM 19
Dynamic purpose
DEFINITION 19
The symbolic value of a variety and the societal rules that
constrain linguistic behavior
TERM 20
Social factors
DEFINITION 20
Settlement patterns Migration patterns Geography Language
contact Economic ecology Social stratification Social
interaction Group/individual identity
Settlement Patterns
Major dialects reflect original sites of settlement and those
people origins
TERM 22
Migration patterns
DEFINITION 22
Variation resulting from where people moved after settling
TERM 23
Geological boundaries/factors
DEFINITION 23
Things that cause rifts in face-to-face contact like mountains
or big rivers
TERM 24
Language contact
DEFINITION 24
Contact with other languages varies lexemes and grammar
TERM 25
Economic Ecology
DEFINITION 25
People come together based on how they make their living
and form dialects that reflect the shared profession
Plexity of communication networks
Content/nature of the connections between members
TERM 32
Linguistic factors
DEFINITION 32
Rule extension Analogy Grammaticalization and transparency
Lexemes Pronunciation
TERM 33
Rule extension
DEFINITION 33
Expansion of a limited rule to a broader set of items Ex I
(subject) and me (object) get used differently like in its me
me is being used as a subject
TERM 34
Analogy
DEFINITION 34
Reshaping irregular patterns to resemble regular ones 4-part
and leveling
TERM 35
4-Part Analogy
DEFINITION 35
Using similar relationships between words to regularize and
irregular format Ex sing:sang::bring:brang
Leveling
Makes paradigms more uniform Usually changing the he/she
paradigm to match the rest like making she moves into she
move because it is I/you/we/they move
TERM 37
Transparency
DEFINITION 37
The need to make language clearer Ex negative concord
TERM 38
Grammaticalization
DEFINITION 38
A new meaning is created through a new use of a word or
grammar rule Ex double modals or completive done or
habitual be
TERM 39
Double modals
DEFINITION 39
Using two helping verbs to soften the meaning Ex I might
could go
TERM 40
Completive Done
DEFINITION 40
Done + past participle Ex I done forgot
Lexical level
Words and the relationships to their meaning are arbitrary so
there are many different words for this same thing
TERM 47
Function words
DEFINITION 47
Indicate grammatical information/help link words together Ex
prepositions and articles
TERM 48
Content Words
DEFINITION 48
Refer to objects, ideas, etc
TERM 49
New words
DEFINITION 49
Systematic change/formation that follows the building codes
TERM 50
Broadening
DEFINITION 50
Taking a word that has a limited meaning and using it to
encompass more things
Narrowing
Taking a word that had a broad meaning and making it
limited
TERM 52
Meaning shift
DEFINITION 52
The primary meaning changes over time
TERM 53
Slang
DEFINITION 53
Informal, indicates familiarity/group membership, synonym,
short lived, slangyness on a continuum, not
jargon/vernacular/everything stereotyped
TERM 54
Phonological Level
DEFINITION 54
sounds (vowels and consonants)
TERM 55
Chain shift
DEFINITION 55
The shift of a vowel sound effects how the rest of the word is
pronounced
Grammatical level
Morphology, syntax, and pragmatics
TERM 62
Morphology
DEFINITION 62
The way that words are formed being changed
TERM 63
Derivational suffixes
DEFINITION 63
Changing the part of speech of the word
TERM 64
Inflectional suffixes
DEFINITION 64
Changes that dont change the part of speech
TERM 65
Pragmatic Level
DEFINITION 65
Use dependent on the speaker and the context
Speech Act
An utterance that carries out an action by saying it
TERM 67
Early cultural centers
DEFINITION 67
Boston, coastal virginia (Jamestown, Tidewater), Charleston
(South Carolina)
TERM 68
Effects of geographic mobility
DEFINITION 68
Generational dialect leveling
TERM 69
Pidgin
DEFINITION 69
Mix of languages for trade purposes
TERM 70
Creole
DEFINITION 70
A functioning language created by children of pidgin users
Transitional
zones
Areas between dialects where both features coexist
TERM 77
Wave model
DEFINITION 77
Change radiates out from a central point to neighboring
communities
TERM 78
Gravity/Hierarchical Diffusion model
DEFINITION 78
Change spread out to areas of denser populations and then
lesser populations
TERM 79
Sociolect
DEFINITION 79
Speech habits of people from a social group
TERM 80
Idiolect
DEFINITION 80
Speech patterns of an individual person
Perceptual Dialectology
Tells us about assumptions about speakers
TERM 82
Linguistic security/insecurity
DEFINITION 82
People's perspective on their own variation
TERM 83
Attitude
DEFINITION 83
Psychological tendency that is expressed by evaluating
something with a degree of favor or disfavor
TERM 84
Solidarity
DEFINITION 84
Degree of social distance between people using
familiar/polite pronouns
TERM 85
Free Variation
DEFINITION 85
Forms that are variable but has no added meaning or
attached values/interpretations
Alternative Markets
involve covert prestige of stigmatized forms
TERM 92
Group Exclusive traits
DEFINITION 92
Found in one group but not in others
TERM 93
Group Preferential traits
DEFINITION 93
Found predominantly in one group but also in others
TERM 94
Sharp stratification
DEFINITION 94
Large differences between groups
TERM 95
Fine Stratification
DEFINITION 95
Usage across groups changes gradually
Linguistic Constraints
rules/instances where the variation is changedOften this is
the difference between dialects when they both have the
same feature but use it differently
TERM 97
Stereotype
DEFINITION 97
The variable that is recognized and associated with an
evaluation
TERM 98
Marker
DEFINITION 98
Use varies according to style/social group; SOME awareness
of variable
TERM 99
Indicator
DEFINITION 99
Variation exists on a level that the speaker doesn't notice
TERM 100
Overt Prestige
DEFINITION 100
Positive value assigned to language forms based on the
value of the form in larger society
