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Human Evolution
long term biological maturation of the human species Geographically, all evidence points towards East Africa as the source of humankind. Our species, homo sapiens, emigrated from this hearth to eventually populate the rest of the ecumene. TERM 2
Rift Valley
DEFINITION 2 Trough or trench that forms when a thinning strip of the Earth's crust sinks between 2 parallel faults (surface fractures) TERM 3
Continental Drift
DEFINITION 3 The slow movement of continents controlled by the processes associated with plate tectonics. TERM 4
Medical Geography
DEFINITION 4 The study of health and disease with a geographic context a from a spatial perspective. Among other things, this geographic field examines the sources, diffusion routes, and distribution. TERM 5
Epidemic
DEFINITION 5 A local of regional outbreak of disease.
PandemiC
An outbreak of a disease that spreads worlwide TERM 7
Land Tenure
DEFINITION 7 The way people own, occupy, and use land. TERM 8
Land Alienation
DEFINITION 8 One society or culture group taking land from another. Euro- colonists took land from indigenous Africans and put it to new uses in Subsaharan Africa TERM 9
Green Revolution
DEFINITION 9 The successful recent development oh higher-yield, fast growing varieties of rice and other cereals in certain developing countries. TERM 10
State Formation
DEFINITION 10 The creation of a state bases on traditions of human territoriality that go back thousands of years.
Exclave
A bounded (non-island) piece of territory that is part of a particular state. But lies separated from it by the territory of another state. (alaska is an exclave of US) TERM 17
Desertification
DEFINITION 17 Process of desert expansion into neighboring steppe lands as a result of human degradation of fragile semiarid environments. TERM 18
Periodic Market
DEFINITION 18 Village market that opens every 3rd day or at some other regular interval. Part of a regional network of similar markets in a pre industrial, rural setting where goods are brought to market on food and barter remains a major mode of exchange TERM 19
Islamic Front
DEFINITION 19 The southern border of the African transition zone that marks the religious frontier of the muslim faith in it southward penetration of Sub. Africa. TERM 20
Endemic
DEFINITION 20 A disease that infects many ppl (the hosts) in a kind of equilibrium, without causing rapid and widespread deaths.
Intercropping
Planting several types of crops in one cleared field. TERM 22
Compound Farming
DEFINITION 22 Usually near a market center, farmers combine the use of compound (village) and household waste as fertilizer with intensive care of the crops as well as eggs and chickens for urban consumers, TERM 23
Diversification
DEFINITION 23 Subsistence farmers combine their cultivation of subsistence crops with nonfarm work. TERM 24
Cultural Geography
DEFINITION 24 The wide-ranging and comprehensive field of geography that studies spatial aspects of human cultures. TERM 25
Culture Hearth
DEFINITION 25 Heartland, source area, innovation center; place of origin of a major culture.
Culture
Region
A distinct, culturally discrete spatial unit; a region within which certain cultural norms prevail. TERM 32
Religious Revivalism
DEFINITION 32 Religious movement whose objectives are to return to the foundations of that faith and to influence state policy. Often called religious fundamentalism, but in the case of Islam, Muslims prefer the term revivalism. TERM 33
Wahhabism
DEFINITION 33 A particularly virulent form of (Sunni) Muslim revivalism that was made the official faith when the modern state of Saudi Arabia was founded in 1932. Adherents call themselves "unitarians" to signify the strict fundamentalist nature of their beliefs. TERM 34
Cultural Revival
DEFINITION 34 The regeneration of a long-dormant culture through internal renewal and external infusion. TERM 35
Stateless Nation
DEFINITION 35 A national group that aspires to become a nation-state but lacks the territorial means to do so; the Palestinians and Kurds of southwest Asia are classic examples.
Choke Point
A narrowing of an international waterway causing marine traffic congestion requiring reduced speeds and or sharp turns, and increasing the risk of collision as well as vulnerability to attack. When the waterway narrows to a distance of less that 24 miles, this necessitates the drawing of a median lines (maritime) boundary. EX- Hurmuz Strait between Oman and Iran at the entrance to the Persian Gulf, and the strait of Molaacca between Malaysia and Indonesia. TERM 37
Nomadism
DEFINITION 37 Cyclical movement among a definite set of places. Nomadic ppls mostly are pastoralists. TERM 38
Buffer State/ Zone
DEFINITION 38 A country of set of countries separating ideological or political adversaries in Souther Asia, Afganistan, Nepal, and Bhutan where parts of a buffer zone between British and Russian- Chinese imperial spheres. Thailand was a buffer state between Britain and French colonial domains in mainland southeast Asia. TERM 39
Escarpment
DEFINITION 39 A cliff of very steep slope; frequently marks the edge of a plateau. TERM 40
Culture Pluralism
DEFINITION 40 society in which two or more pop. groups, each practicing its own culture, live adjacent to one another without mixing inside a single state. Varied cultures, traditions, ethnic diversity (Canada & US)
Globalization
The gradual reduction of regional contrasts at the world scale, resulting from increasing international culture, economic, and political exchanges. TERM 47
Gross National Product
DEFINITION 47 The total value of all goods and services produced in a country by that states' economy during a given year, plus all citizens' income from foreign investment and other external sources. TERM 48
Hinterland
DEFINITION 48 "country behind", a term that applies to a surrounding area served by an urban center. That center is the focus of goods and services produced for its hinterland and is its dominant urban influence as well. TERM 49
Pangaea
DEFINITION 49 A vast, singular landmass consisting of most of the areas of the present-day-continents. This supercontinent began to break up more than 200 million years ago when still-on going plate divergence and continental drift became dominant processes TERM 50
Permafrost
DEFINITION 50 Permanently frozen water in the near- surface soil and bedrock of cold environments. producing the effect of completely frozen ground. Surface can thaw during brief warm season.
Relief
Vertical difference between the highest and lowest elevations within a particular area. TERM 52
Scale
DEFINITION 52 Representation of a real-world phenomenon at a certain level of reduction or generalization. I TERM 53
Shantytown
DEFINITION 53 unplanned slum development on the margins of cities in disadvantaged countries, dominated by crude dwellings and shelters mostly made of scrap wood and iron and even pieces of cardboard TERM 54
Tundra
DEFINITION 54 The treeless plain that lies along the Arctic shore in northernmost Russia and Canada, whose vegetation consists of mosses, lichens, and certain hardy grasses TERM 55
Latitude
DEFINITION 55 parallel lines that are aligned east-west across the globe
Rain Shadow Effect
The relative dryness in areas downwind of mnt. ranges TERM 62
Continentality
DEFINITION 62 variation of the continental effect on air temps. in the interior portions of the worlds landmasses. The greater the distance from the moderating influence of an ocean, the greater the extreme in summer and winter temps. continental interiors also tend to be dry-middle of U.S. above TX TERM 63
Indigenous
DEFINITION 63 Native; often used to designate the inhabitants of areas that were conquered and subsequently colonized by the imperial powers of EURO. TERM 64
Manifest Destiny
DEFINITION 64 19th belief that the U.S. was destined to expand across the North American continent, from the Atlantic seaboard to the Pacific ocean. TERM 65
Ecumene
DEFINITION 65 Habitable portions of Earth's surface where the permanent human settlements are greatest
Frankophone
French-speaking. Quebec is the heart of Frankophone Canada TERM 67
Antipodes
DEFINITION 67 In geography, the antipodes (from Greek --, from anti- "opposed" and "foot"; ) of any place on Earth is the point on the Earth's surface which is diametrically opposite to it. TERM 68
Anthropogenic
DEFINITION 68 Anthropogenic (from the Greek meaning manmade) effects, processes or materials are those that are derived from human activities, as opposed to those occurring in biophysical environments without human influence. TERM 69
Atoll
DEFINITION 69 An atoll ( or ) is an island of coral that encircles a lagoon partially or completely.
