Download Historical Terms and Definitions: From the Middle Ages to the Renaissance and more Quizzes Cultural History of Europe in PDF only on Docsity!
100 year
war
war against the France and England. Joan of Art was a turning point for the French and brought victory to the French. TERM 2
95 Thesis
DEFINITION 2 The Ninety-five Theses or Disputation on the Power of Indulgences are a list of propositions for an academic disputation written in 1517 by Martin Luther. Begging of protestant reformation. TERM 3
Religious Climate of the Reformation
DEFINITION 3 lots of tension between the catholic church and the newly formed protestants. Lots of violence and death TERM 4
Aztecs
DEFINITION 4 The Aztecs were a Mesoamerican culture that flourished in central Mexico in the post-classic period from 1300 to 1521. Taken over by Hernan Cortez. Many got sick and their silver and gold was plundered. TERM 5
Battle of
Hastings
DEFINITION 5 The Battle of Hastings was fought on 14 October 1066 between the Norman-French army of William, the Duke of Normandy, and an English army under the Anglo-Saxon King Harold Godwinson, beginning the Norman conquest of England.
Black Death
Plague caused change in the climate and weather, low food supply, Cures-prayers. aromatherapy. TERM 7
Bloody Mary
DEFINITION 7 Bloody Mary is a folklore legend consisting of a ghost, phantom, or spirit conjured to reveal the future. TERM 8
Caravel
DEFINITION 8 A caravel is a small, highly maneuverable sailing ship developed in the 15th century by the Portuguese to explore along the West African coast and into the Atlantic Ocean. TERM 9
Charlemagne
DEFINITION 9 Charlemagne or Charles the Great. He united much of western and central Europe during the early Middle Ages. Military leader of the Carolingian Dynasty. Crowned emperor. TERM 10
Charles Martel
DEFINITION 10 Charles Martel was known has "The Hammer" for hammering his opponents. Founded the middle ages. Stopped the Muslims from conquering Europe. Developed feudalism and knighthood.
Copernicus
Nicolaus Copernicus was a mathematician and astronomer who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than the Earth at the center of the universe, likely independently of Aristarchus of Samos, who had formulated such a model some eighteen centuries earlier (Heliocentric model). TERM 17
Crusades
DEFINITION 17 1095-1291Pope told people that Christ demanded they win back the land from the Muslims.Large scale military campaignsincreased the wealth of Italian states TERM 18
Ferdinand Magellan
DEFINITION 18 1519-1522Often thought to be the first to circumnavigate the globe, but died before he made it home. Crow completed the voyage. TERM 19
Fief
DEFINITION 19 also called manorsinherited land or estatevassals would pay rent to a lord to farm the fief TERM 20
Flagellant Movement
DEFINITION 20 Thought to be the "cure" for the black plague. Flagellants are practitioners of an extreme form of mortification of their own flesh by whipping it with various instruments. It they punished themselves for their sins god would not have to.
Francisco Pizarro
Francisco Pizarro was a Spanish conquistador who led an expedition that conquered the Inca Empire. TERM 22
Frankish Kingdom
DEFINITION 22 Francia, also called the Kingdom of the Franks, or Frankish Empire was the largest post-Roman Barbarian kingdom in Western Europe. Established by Clovis TERM 23
Galileo
DEFINITION 23 Invented the telescope and discovered the moons of Jupiter. Found the geocentric model to be false. TERM 24
Geocentric
DEFINITION 24 In astronomy, the geocentric model is a superseded description of the universe with Earth at the center. Fit with the Christian theory and 2000 years of tradition. Changed to Heliocentric during the scientific revolution. TERM 25
Gothic Architecture
DEFINITION 25 Pointy style, stained glass, barbaric styletallreligious connotation
Heresy
The teaching of beliefs that were not acceptable by the church TERM 32
Hernan Cortez
DEFINITION 32 Hernan Cortez was a Spanish Conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire with 550 troops and 16 horses. TERM 33
Humanism
DEFINITION 33 Humanism is a philosophical and ethical stance that emphasizes the value and agency of human beings, individually and collectively, and generally prefers critical thinking and evidence over acceptance of dogma or superstition. TERM 34
Indulgences
DEFINITION 34 As said by the church, those who say certain prayers and do good deeds, will have some or all punishments remitted. TERM 35
Isaac Newton
DEFINITION 35 Sir Isaac Newton was an English mathematicianexplained the 3 laws of motion, discovered the equation for gravity, and invented calculus. Laid the foundation for classical mechanics.
Islam
Islam is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion teaching that there is only one God (Allah) and that Muhammad is the messenger of God. Based on faith. Advances in medicine and math. TERM 37
Joan of Arc
DEFINITION 37 Joan of Arc is considered a heroine of France for her role during the Lancastrian phase of the Hundred Years' War and was canonized as a Roman Catholic saint. Heard voices (thought god was speaking to her). TERM 38
John
Calvin
DEFINITION 38 John Calvin was protestant, and reformed the church of Geneva. Created the ELECT= those predestined for salvation TERM 39
Ka'ba
DEFINITION 39 The Kaaba is a building at the center of Islam's most important mosque. In Mecca.Holy temple of Islam TERM 40
Leonardo da Vinci
DEFINITION 40 Leonardo da Vinci was an Italian Renaissance artist, sculpture, and inventor. Most know for the Mona Lisa and his Vitruvian Man. Tried to invent flight.
Mongols
Nomadic people, largest continuous empire in historyused horses and bows for warfareGenghis KhanChinese gunpowder TERM 47
Muhammad
DEFINITION 47 Muhammad was the founder of Islam.Conquered the Arabian PeninsulaFirst prophet- received message from God, message became Qur'an TERM 48
Papal Corruption
DEFINITION 48 Indulgences- donations given to the church to forgive sinsPluralism- nobility could hold more than one clerical office TERM 49
Test for Witchcraft
DEFINITION 49 Dunking tool- if she lives=witch if she dies=not a witchHold red hot iron rod- if it burn her=not a witch no burn=witchReceive lords prayer- if you mess up=witch TERM 50
Pogroms
DEFINITION 50 "cure" for black plague. Since Muslims were thought to have caused it. Pope wanted to persecute all Muslims. Massive massacres happened.
Predestination
1559Jean Calvin's idea that people are predestined to heaven or hell TERM 52
Printing Press
DEFINITION 52 Invented by Gutenberg in the 1400'sIncreased the amount of books and bibles being madegreatest influence was the reformation TERM 53
Reconquista
DEFINITION 53 Charles The Hammer started itStopped Islamic expansion in Europe. Europe Christians fought moors for 700 years. TERM 54
Malleus
Malificarum
DEFINITION 54 Written by James Sprenger and Heinrich Kramer in 14862nd to the bible for 200 yearsmost popular witch hunting volume"All witchcraft comes from carnal lust which is in women insatiable" TERM 55
Renaissance
DEFINITION 55 "rebirth"classicism (sculpture,art)Modern state craft- The PrinceHumanismonly time period named after people of that timeartistic and intellectual movement
Tithe
money paid to the church or vassals10% of annual earningspart of feudalism TERM 62
Triangular Trade
DEFINITION 62 Triangular trade or triangle trade is a historical term indicating trade among three ports or regions, England, Africa, and America. TERM 63
Vassal
DEFINITION 63 A vassal is a person regarded as having a mutual obligation to a lord or monarch. Vassal gives resources and for a place to live and protection. TERM 64
Vikings
DEFINITION 64 Norse barbarians from the Scandinavian peninsulaFounded VinlandEconomic and environmental problems at home so they voyaged to Vinland, England, Greenland, and Normandy TERM 65
Vinland
DEFINITION 65 First known Viking settlement in the new world round 1000 A.D.
Crisis of the 14th Century
faminedroughtblack plague100 year warattack of the Mongolsreligious schism TERM 67
Visigoths
DEFINITION 67 Barbarians under the leadership of Alaric. Sacked Rome for 3 days until Rome agreed to pay. Treated as second class citizens. TERM 68
Wergild
DEFINITION 68 Germanic law, was compensation paid by a person committing an offense. TERM 69
William the Conqueror
DEFINITION 69 Fought in the battle of Hastings, which ked hum to become King of England. He wanted to keep lordship over France. Took over England. TERM 70
Fall of Rome
DEFINITION 70 It did not fall it transformed into Latin West, Byzantine Empire, and Islamic Empire.barbarian invasionsplit empireeconomic instability
Islamic Legacy
invented many things during middle ageadvancements in math and medicinerule for a while in Spainreligion based on faith TERM 77
Babylonian
Captivity
DEFINITION 77 Nickname for the Great Schism TERM 78
Mongols
DEFINITION 78 rapid expansion 13th-14th centurynomadic lifestyleinvasion stopped because ruler died so they went back to Asia for a new leader TERM 79
Carolingian Renaissance
DEFINITION 79 The Carolingian Renaissance was the first of three medieval renaissances, a period of cultural activity in the Carolingian Empire.Charlemagne was Holy Roman Emperor TERM 80
Universities
DEFINITION 80 12th century2 typesstadiumuniversitasEros from guilds with teachers and apprentices
Gutenberg
Invented the printing pressinfluenced the reformation TERM 82
Reformation
DEFINITION 82 The Reformation was a schism in Western Christianity initiated by Martin Luther and continued by John Calvin TERM 83
Three-field system
DEFINITION 83 The three-field system is a regime of crop rotation that was used in medieval and early-modern Europe. TERM 84
Pluralism
DEFINITION 84 Nobility could more than one clerical office at a timeled to absenteeism and the office ignored their duties TERM 85
Witch
DEFINITION 85 Witchcraft or witchery broadly means the practice of and belief in magical skills and abilities exercised by solitary practitioners and groups.Not gendered specificpeople in pact with the devil (normal person doing shady stuff)most people accused were unmarried women
