Semantics and Word Meaning: An In-depth Analysis, Quizzes of Psychology

Download Semantics and Word Meaning: An In-depth Analysis and more Quizzes Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 Semantics DEFINITION 1 deals with the meanings of words, phrases, sentences TERM 2 Two types of meaning DEFINITION 2 1. Sense2. Reference TERM 3 Sense DEFINITION 3 a speaker's mental conception of a word's meaning; meaning is best understood in terms of mental images TERM 4 Reference DEFINITION 4 sets of objects, ideas, etc. in the real world that a word may indicate (also called information content) -> meaning comes from the relationship between a word and the thing it refers to in the real world TERM 5 Two types of Semantics DEFINITION 5 1. Lexical Semantics2. Compositional Semantics TERM 6 Lexical Semantics DEFINITION 6 deals with the meanings of words TERM 7 Compositional Semantics DEFINITION 7 deals with the way in which word meanings are put together to express complete propositions and to determine the meanings of phrases, clauses, sentences TERM 8 Principle of Compositionality DEFINITION 8 the meaning of a phrase or sentence is determined by the meaning of its words (lexical semantics) in conjunction with the way these words are put together syntactically (compositional); explains how you can understand and produce novel sentencesex: "Mary loves John" and "John loves Mary" TERM 9 Words can be related... DEFINITION 9 phonologicallymorphologicallysyntacticallysemantically TERM 10 Lexical Semantic Relationships DEFINITION 10 HyponymySynonymyAntonymyPolysemyHomonymy TERM 21 Homonymy DEFINITION 21 word has MULTIPLE UNRELATED MEANINGS2 types: Homophone Homograph TERM 22 Homophone DEFINITION 22 two words sound the same, but have different meaningsExamples I generally read a lot of books The clarinetist needed a new reed TERM 23 Homograph DEFINITION 23 two words look the same, but have different meaningsExamples I dove into the water I saw a pretty dove fly by my window TERM 24 Lexical decomposition/componential analysis DEFINITION 24 assumes that words have meanings which are built up from some basic meaninganalysis is based on semantic features TERM 25 Semantic Features DEFINITION 25 conditions for inclusion in a set denoted by a particular word[+feature] or [-feature]Example: mare, stallion, hen, and roosterthese are all animals: they have the feature [+animal] mare and hen share the feature [+female] stallion and rooster share the feature [+male] rooster is: [+animal][+male][+chicken] stallion is: [+animal][+male][+horse] TERM 26 Compositional Semantics: How is meaning determined? DEFINITION 26 Word order ( the dog bit the man, the man bit the dog) Syntax (the dog was bit by the man, the man bit the dog) TERM 27 Adjective-Noun Relations DEFINITION 27 Adjectives can give meaning to a noun in different ways: (Pure) Intersective Subsective/Relative Intersective Non-intersective Anti-intersective TERM 28 Intersective Adjectives DEFINITION 28 Each word denotes a set of entities and the compound denotes the intersection of these sets (basically a venn diagram with each word in one circle and the middle is the characteristic of both or the combination of both/compound) TERM 29 Subsective Adjectives (Relative) DEFINITION 29 require relativization to some comparison class or standard of comparisonex: 'big mouse' means 'big-for-a-mouse' (but such a mouse may be small-for-an-animal) TERM 30 Non-Intersective Adjectives DEFINITION 30 don't entail reference to the objects denoted by the nounex: 'alleged' and 'possible' - alleged thief, possible solution(by contrast, being a red wine does entail being a wine, and being a big mouse does entail being a mouse)ex: 'possible solution' and 'alleged thief' do not entail that there is a solution or that the person is a thief, but they allow for the possibility that a solution might exist or the person might be a thief TERM 31 Anti-Intersective Adjectives DEFINITION 31 CAN'T entail reference to the objects denoted by the noun and which in fact entail non-reference to the noun in questionex: 'fake' - a fake Picasso-> the meaning and properties of 'fake' require that the above phrase can never refer to a real painting by Picasso TERM 32 Entailment DEFINITION 32 a sentence X entails a sentence Y when there is no possible situation in which X is true and Y is falseIE, if X is true, then Y must be trueX: Sam owns a CorvetteY: Sam owns a carX: Sam has a wifeY: Sam is marriedX: Sam eats a large breakfast everydayY: Sam eats a large breakfast every Monday TERM 33 One-Way Entailment DEFINITION 33 If X is true, then Y is trueX: Sam has visited Spain four timesY: Sam has visited Europe at least once TERM 34 Mutual Entailment DEFINITION 34 If X is true, then Y is true and If Y is true, then X is trueIE, the entailment goes both ways if the sentences are equivalentX: Sam is a bachelorY: Sam is an unmarried male TERM 35 Psycholinguistics DEFINITION 35 study of language acquisition, storage, comprehension, and production