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Preamble
A preamble is an introductory and expressionary statement in a document that explains the document's purpose and underlying philosophy. TERM 2
Population VS Sample
DEFINITION 2 The entire group of individuals that we want information about is called the population .A sample is a part of the population that we actually examine together. TERM 3
Parameter VS Statistic
DEFINITION 3 A parameter is a number that describes a sample the population. A parameter is a fixed number, but in practice we don't know its value.A statistic is a number that describe a sample. The value of a statistic is known when we have to taken a sample, but it can change from sample to sample. We often use a statistic to estimate an unknown parameter. TERM 4
Role of computers Examples of computing
software
DEFINITION 4 Minitab,SPSS,SAS JMP etc. TERM 5
Categorical VS
Quantitative
DEFINITION 5 A categorical variable places a case into one of several groups of categories.A quantitative bearable takes numerical values for which arithmetic operations such as adding and averaging make sense.
Stem-and-leaf plot
A stem-plot gives a quick picture of the shape of a distribution while including the actual numerical value in the graph.Example:16 43 38 48 42 23 36 35 37 34 25 28 26 43 51 33 40 35 41 421 62 3 5 6 83 3 4 5 5 6 7 84 0 1 2 2 3 3 85 14 TERM 7
Histogram
DEFINITION 7 A histogram breaks the range of the value of a variable into classes and displays only the count or percent of the observations that fall into each class. TERM 8
Estimate of Center Mean Median Mode
DEFINITION 8 Mean : average Median: Odd (n+1)/2 Even mean of central Mode: A distribution with one major peak is called unimodal.(Major peaks) TERM 9
Measure of Spread Range Variance/Standard
deviation Empirical Rule
DEFINITION 9 Range :The variance S^2 of a set of observations is the average of the squares of the deviations of the observations from their mean.The standard deviation s is the squire root of the variances s^2 Empirical Rule: 68-95-99.7 rule68% - variance of the mean u;95%- 2variance of the mean u;99.7%- 3varianceof the mean u; TERM 10**
Quartiles Five number
summary
DEFINITION 10 minimum Q1 M Q3 Maximun First quartile Q1 is the median of the observations whose positions in the orders list are to the left of the location of the overall median.
Experimental units VS Observational units
In an observational study , we observe individuals and measure variables of interest but do not attempt to influence the responses.In an experiment we deliberately impose some treatment on individuals and we observe their responses. TERM 17
Replication
DEFINITION 17 In engineering, science, and statistics, replication is the repetition of an experimental condition so that the variability associated with the phenomenon can be estimated. TERM 18
Blocking
DEFINITION 18 A block is a group of experimental units or subjects that are known before the experiment to be similar in some way that is expected to affect the response to the treatments. In a block design , the random assignment of units to treatments is carried out separately within each block. TERM 19
Completely Randomized Design
DEFINITION 19 Randomize : use impersonal chance to assign experimental units to treatments. TERM 20
Cluster Sampling
DEFINITION 20 Cluster sampling is a sampling technique used when "natural" but relatively homogeneous groupings are evident in a statistical population.
Stratified Random Sampling
To select a stratified random sample , first divided the population onto groups of similar individuals, called strata. Then choose a separate SRS in each stratum and combine these SRSs to form the full sample. TERM 22
Matched Pairs Design(CRD)
DEFINITION 22 Matched pairs are a common form of blocking for comparing just two treatments. In some matched pairs designs, each subject receives both treatments in a random order. In others, the subjects are matched in pairs as closely as possible, and one subjects in each pair receives each treatment. TERM 23
Basic Probability
DEFINITION 23 The probability of an event is the proportion of times the event occurs in many repeated trials of a random phenomenon consists of a sample space S and an assignment of probabilities P. TERM 24
Conditional Probability
DEFINITION 24 When P (A) > 0, the conditional probability of B given A isP(B|A) = P(A and B) / P (A) TERM 25
Bayes's Rule
DEFINITION 25 P(Ai|C)= P(C|Ai) P(Ai) P(C|A1)P(Ai)+P(C| A2) P(A2) +...........+P(Ak)P(C|Ak)In probability theory and statistics, Bayes' theorem describes the probability of an event, based on conditions that might be related to the event.
General Form of Confidence interval
p + - Z*SEp
