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Intellectual Disabilities (Mental Retardation)
characterized by significant limitations in both intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior, manifested during the developmental period, that adversely affects educational performance TERM 2
Essential
Assumptions
DEFINITION 2 1.Limitations considered in context 2.Valid assessments 3.Limitations often coexist with strengths 4.Limitations assist in developing profile of needed supports. 5.With supports the life functioning of the person will generally improve. TERM 3
Intensities of Support
DEFINITION 3 Intermittent Limited Extensive Pervasive TERM 4
Intermittent
DEFINITION 4 support on an "as needed" basis. characterized by episodic nature, person not always needing the support, or short-term supports needed during life-span transitions (job loss) TERM 5
Limited
DEFINITION 5 An intensity of supports characterized by consistency over time, time-limited but not of intermittent nature, may require fewer staff members and less cost than more intensive levels of support. (time-limited employment training, transitional supports during the school-to-adult period)
Extensive
Supports characterized by regular involvement (daily) in at least some enviroments (work, home) and not time-limited (long-term vocational support, long-term home living support) TERM 7
Supports
DEFINITION 7 services, resources, and personal assitance that enable a person to develop, learn, and live effectively. TERM 8
Intellectual Functioning
DEFINITION 8 Memory, Generalization, Motivation TERM 9
Generalizations
DEFINITION 9 refers to the ability to transfer knowledge or behavior learned for doign one task to another task adn to make that transfer across different settings or enviroments TERM 10
Motivation
DEFINITION 10 Motivation is the driving force which causes us to achieve goals.
Biomedical causes
develop within the individual. (2/3 of cases) TERM 17
Biomedical (chromosomal)
DEFINITION 17 occurs when a parent contributes either too much or too little genetic material. autosomal or heterosomal TERM 18
Chromosomal: autosomal
DEFINITION 18 one extra chromosome; downs syndrome TERM 19
Social, behavioral, and educational causes
DEFINITION 19 poverty, low maternal education, children with young mothers, mother consuming alcohol TERM 20
Three goals of
IEP
DEFINITION 20 -to promote collaboration and links between systems to support student achievment of meaningul school and post- school outcomes. -- to promote the student;s self- determination and self-advocacy --to increase parent participation and involvement
Multiple disabilities
No single definition covers all conditions-- Two common characteristics: Extent of support required/ two or more disabilities occur simultaneously TERM 22
Intellectual functioning
DEFINITION 22 lower IQ, some students make progress and some can only make eye contact and track objects TERM 23
Motor development
DEFINITION 23 usually have sensorimoter impairments that produce abnormal muscle tone, some have underdeveloped muscle tone=difficulty sitting, increased muscle tension and extremely tight muscles (causing spasticity) TERM 24
Sensory Functioning
DEFINITION 24 hearing and vision impairments (deaf and blindness) TERM 25
Biological cause
DEFINITION 25 3/4 of all children have a biological cause; almost always a prenatal cause
Peer tutoring
involves pairing students one on one, so students who have already developed certain skills can help teach those and other skills to less advanced students and also help those students practice skills they have already mastered TERM 32
Assistive Technology (AT)
DEFINITION 32 an item which is used with/by the student to increase, maintain, or improve functional capabilities --needs determined using the SETT framework TERM 33
Augmentative and Alternative Communication
(AAC)
DEFINITION 33 enables students who cannot communicate verbally or through other formats, such as sign language, to do so through the use of technology. refers to the devices, techniques, and strategies used by students who are unable to communicate fully through natural speech and/or writing. TERM 34
Effective Instructional Strategies
DEFINITION 34 Partial Participation--Task Analysis -Peer Tutoring--Reciprocal relationship & Heterogeneous groups TERM 35
Partial participation
DEFINITION 35 holds that students with multiple disabilities should not be denied all access to general education and other inclusive activites solely because of their intellectual, adaptive, skill, motor, sensory, and/or communication impairments
Student-directed learning strategies
teach students with and without disabilities to modify and regulate their own learning ---picture prompts or antecedent cue regulation, self -instruction, and self-monitoring TERM 37
Self-instruction strategies
DEFINITION 37 involve teaching students to use their verbal or other communicatoin skills to direct their learning TERM 38
portfolio-based assessment
DEFINITION 38 requires teachers to accumulate permanent products that exemplify the student's work --indicators of performance TERM 39
Formative analysis
DEFINITION 39 ongoign TERM 40
summative analysis
DEFINITION 40 comparisons between less and more mature products
Rett's disorder
Rett syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder of the grey matter of the brain that affects girls almost exclusively. -- Apparently normal prenatal and perinatal development -- Often look fairly typical until age 2 TERM 47
Autistic disorder
DEFINITION 47 Autism is a disorder of neural development characterized by impaired social interaction and communication, and by restricted and repetitive behavior. TERM 48
Childhood disintegrative disorder
DEFINITION 48 Childhood disintegrative disorder (CDD), also known as Heller's syndrome and disintegrative psychosis, is a rare condition characterized by late onset (>3 years of age) of developmental delays in language, social function, and motor skills. --At least 2 years of normal development in the first two years of life -- Children lose communication, social and self-help skills TERM 49
Asperger's disorder
DEFINITION 49 --describes individuals who have significant challenges in social Impairments in the area of socialization and exhibit restricted, repetitive stereotyped patterns of behaviors and interests --Do not show significant delays in language, cognitive skills and self-help skills --Exhibit average to above average intellectual functioning (2.5/1000) TERM 50
Pervasive Developmental Disorder-Not
Otherwise Specified
DEFINITION 50 PDD-NOS is diagnosed when someone does not meet the criteria for any of the other PDD disorders
Autism Characteristics
- atypical language development, 2) atypical social development, 3) repetitive behavior, 4) problem behavior, 5) sensory and movement disorders and 6) differences in intellectual functioning TERM 52
Communication of people with autism
DEFINITION 52 --focusing attention on one topic only; --liminting a communication topic to fewer than a couple of interactions, --using limited gestures to supplement verbal skills, --reversing pronouns, -- looking away from the speaker rather than maintaining eye contact, --repeating or echoing other people's language, -- experiencing difficulty with receptive and expressive language TERM 53
theory of mind
DEFINITION 53 individuals with autism do not understand that their own belief, desires, and intentions may differ from those of others --difficulty comprehending others' feelings, preferences, and emotions even when other people directly say what their feelings are, and they often do not infer and intuit others' social cues and nonverbal signals TERM 54
Repetetive behavior
DEFINITION 54 involves repeated movements and verbalizations... include motor movements (hand flapping), persistent attention to parts of objects (moveable bolt in a door's deadbolt lock), and strict adherence to routines TERM 55
social stories
DEFINITION 55 an evidence-based approach for instructing students to anticipate changes and know how to respond to them
Savant syndrome
consists of extraordinary talents in aread such as claendar calculationg, muscle ability, mathematical skills, memorizaation, and mechanical abilities TERM 62
Early signs of autism
DEFINITION 62 --No big smiles or other warm, joyful expressions by 6 months or thereafter --No back and forth sounds, smiles, or other facial expressions by 9 months --No babbling by 12 months --No back and forth gestures, such as pointing, showing, reaching, or waving by 12 months --No words by 16 months --No two-word meaningful phrases (without imitating or repeating) by 24 months --ANY loss of speech or babbling or social skills at ANY age TERM 63
Causes of autism
DEFINITION 63 --brain or biochemical dysfunction that occurs before, during, or after birth and that is totally unwarranted to blame parents TERM 64
Mnemonic strategies
DEFINITION 64 help students learn and retain information TERM 65
Pegword strategy
DEFINITION 65 helps students remember numbered or ordered information by linking words that rhyme with numbers (bun=one, show=two)
Letter strategies
employ acronyms or a string of letters to help students remember a list of words or concepts --great lakes (HOMES) TERM 67
social stories
DEFINITION 67 written by educators, parents, or students to describe social situations, social cues, and appropriate responses to them. -- to teach them how to act appropriatly TERM 68
Schoolwide positive behavior support
(SWPBS)
DEFINITION 68 system-level and evidence-based method for improving valued social and learning outcomes for all students, not just those with autism. TERM 69
Applied behavior analysis (ABA)
DEFINITION 69 uses the principles of operant psychology to reduce problem behavior or increase positive behavior. --process of applying sometimes tentative principles of behavior to the improvement of specifiv behaviors and simutaneously evaluating whether or not any changes noted are indeed attributable to the process of application TERM 70
Discrete trial teaching
DEFINITION 70 use all 3) --discriminative behavior-specifiv event or enviromental condition that elicites the response you want your student to give --response-behavior your student performes when you present the discrimitinative stimulus. (behavior you are trying to teach) -- reinforcing stimulus-an event or action that follows your student's response and increases possibility that your student will exhibit that same response again
Aspergers Syndrome
-Disagreement in research for onset -Average age of diagnosis 7-9 years TERM 77
Most common developmental disorder
DEFINITION 77 mental retardation TERM 78
Facts
DEFINITION 78 --1 in 1,000 individuals are diagnosed with "classic" autism -- 1 in 500 individuals with the autism spectrum, including PDD- NOS --1 in 91 individuals with the autism spectrum, including PDD-NOS and Asperger's ----1 in 70 boys TERM 79
Early diagnosis and intensive intervention are
VERY important!
DEFINITION 79 --Children with ASD who begin treatment before age 3 achieve more positive outcomes --Average IQ gain of 1.5-2. standard deviations with early intervention
