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Marine Fisheries and Conservation: A Study Guide for WFC10 Fall 2011 - Prof. Peter B. Moyl, Study notes of Environmental Science

University of California - DavisEnvironmental Science
Prof. Peter B. Moyle

An in-depth study guide for marine fisheries and conservation, covering topics such as marine reserves, mpas, aquatic ecosystems, freshwater species, and wetlands. It includes information on the benefits and challenges of marine reserves, the importance of aquatic biodiversity, and conservation strategies for various ecosystems.

Typology: Study notes

2010/2011

Uploaded on 12/05/2011

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WFC10 Fall 2011 FINAL STUDY GUIDE
Marine Fisheries and Marine Reserves – Botsford
-MPAs
oWhat they claim to do (true answers in parenthesis):
Enhanced sustainability (yes, but so can reducing fishing rate)
Less uncertainty (not the case – still dependent on CRT, FLEP, dispersal chance)
Greater fishery yield (could be less, the same, or more)
oProvide benefits of reducing any damage to habitats by fishing
oTo predict effects, we need to know:
FLEP (fraction of lifetime egg production) distribution over space
Dispersal pattern of larvae
-MLPA (Marine Life Protection Act 1999)
oMandates implementation of marine reserves in CA
oPut in place to sustain pops (esp. those of economic value)
oFisheries management is NOT their goal
Conservation: Aquatic Ecosystems (Freshwater Species) – Moyle
-Aquatic biodiversity: high in species, high in phylogenetic diversity
-Using fish as indicators
oFisheries (people care)
oBest studied
oRelatively easy to monitor
oSensitive to many factors
-30,000 total species of fish about 41% are FRESH WATER
-Estimated 40% are imperiled globally
-High loss of diversity in:
oArid areas (western US)
oTropics
oIsolated bodies of water
oBig rivers
oUrban areas
-Losing fish in CA because…
oHumans concentrate along the water (urbanization)
oWater flows uphill to $$
oWaterways = waste flow downhill to water
oAlien invaders drive down natives to extinction and less biodiversity
oUnderwater means invisible
-3 R’S OF CONSERVATION
oRESERVATION
oRESTORATION
oRECONCILIATION
-Conservation strategies (What do you focus on?)
oSpecies level
oClusters of species
oWatersheds
oEcosystems
Conservation: The Tropics (Tanzania) – Caro
Katavi National Park
-Difference levels of protection in the study area
oInside: National Park (only photos, well funded & patrolled)
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Download Marine Fisheries and Conservation: A Study Guide for WFC10 Fall 2011 - Prof. Peter B. Moyl and more Study notes Environmental Science in PDF only on Docsity!

WFC10 Fall 2011 FINAL STUDY GUIDE

Marine Fisheries and Marine Reserves – Botsford

  • MPAs o What they claim to do (true answers in parenthesis):  Enhanced sustainability (yes, but so can reducing fishing rate)  Less uncertainty (not the case – still dependent on CRT, FLEP, dispersal chance)  Greater fishery yield (could be less, the same, or more) o Provide benefits of reducing any damage to habitats by fishing o To predict effects, we need to know:  FLEP (fraction of lifetime egg production) distribution over space  Dispersal pattern of larvae
  • MLPA (Marine Life Protection Act 1999) o Mandates implementation of marine reserves in CA o Put in place to sustain pops (esp. those of economic value) o Fisheries management is NOT their goal Conservation: Aquatic Ecosystems (Freshwater Species) – Moyle
  • Aquatic biodiversity: high in species, high in phylogenetic diversity
  • Using fish as indicators o Fisheries (people care) o Best studied o Relatively easy to monitor o Sensitive to many factors
  • 30,000 total species of fish  about 41% are FRESH WATER
  • Estimated 40% are imperiled globally
  • High loss of diversity in: o Arid areas (western US) o Tropics o Isolated bodies of water o Big rivers o Urban areas
  • Losing fish in CA because… o Humans concentrate along the water (urbanization) o Water flows uphill to $$ o Waterways = waste flow downhill to water o Alien invaders drive down natives to extinction and less biodiversity o Underwater means invisible
  • 3 R’S OF CONSERVATION o RESERVATION o RESTORATION o RECONCILIATION
  • Conservation strategies (What do you focus on?) o Species level o Clusters of species o Watersheds o Ecosystems Conservation: The Tropics (Tanzania) – Caro Katavi National Park
  • Difference levels of protection in the study area o Inside: National Park (only photos, well funded & patrolled)

o Outside: Game controlled area (tourist big game hunting), forest reserve and open area (agriculture use)

  • National Parks are NOT ENOUGH for conservation of regional diversity
  • From 1977-2009  declines in ALL species, NO increases because: o Water is drying out and not getting to the park (damming) o Poaching increases over time o Tourist hunting
  • Hunting recommendations o Police confiscate guns o Road barriers at local markets o Educate about the importance of lions for national economy and try to stop the tribe lion killers money (they give $ to men who kill for ‘good of the village’)
  • Damming recommendations o Work w/ politicians to remove o Divert water back to river Conserving Biodiversity: A Case Study of the Island Fox – Todd (AKA HOTTIE TODDIE)
  • Definition of conservation biology: o The study of biodiversity with the goal of preserving pops, species, and ecosystems
  • Population level conservation o How do we know if a species is declining?  Reductions in range and # o How do we know is #s are declining?  Studying populations can reveal overall # o How do pops change size? = BIDE  4 mechanisms of pop change  B irth  I mmigration  D eath  E migration o How do we determine what is causing pop change?  Rigorous scientific research  CASE STUDY: THE ISLAND FOX  Have no natural predators  Species is 20,000 years old  Found only on Channel Islands (6 total)  Pop is increasing b/c of birth and death weights (since isolated location, immigration and emigration would not be reasonable)  Study survival rates (radio collars & live traps)  Study birth rates (radio collars)  RESULT  Survival has decreased! Why? o Golden eagles are alien species that are carnivores; Bald eagles were driven out because of DDT pollution to their food source (fish in waterways) o Feral pigs were brought over to the island (Santa Cruz Island) and eat the foxes as well. They are another alien species. Conservation: Wetlands and Waterfowl (Eadie)
  • Loss of wetlands
  • Reasons for the loss o Urban development o Flood control & water storage o Water diversion o Agriculture (79%!!!) o Flood control
  • Value of wetlands o Fisheries – raise their young in coastal marshes
  • Eagle Lake Rainbow Trout o Alkaline waters, long lifespan, large size, species of special concern, 2 petitions for ESA listing o Found in Eagle Lake and Pine Creek o Impacts:  Habitat degradation  Passage barriers – fish can’t swim upstream  Overgrazing  Road construction  Highway & railway culverts  Brook trout introduced (1940)  Fish velocity barriers (1959) o Restoration actions  Pine Creek coordinated resources  Management planning group (CRMP)  Improved grazing practices  Improved passage @ highway/railway crossings o Uncertainties  Enough restoration?  Brook trout still there…….  Can rainbow trout complete their natural life cycle? (spawn, rear, migrate?)  Will climate change affect flow and migration? o Final messages IMPORTANT  Human activities can degrade habitat (duhhhh…..)  Restoration may result in a modified system  Management actions need to be monitored & have experiments Economics, Ecology and You
  • John Muir – “Era of Protection”; national spokesman for wildlife; on the CA quarter!
  • Rachel Carson – “Era of Game Management”; author of “Silent Spring”
  • Phil Pister – “Era of Environmental Management”; planted trout; interested in pup fish  Desert Fishes Council
  • Robin Kulakow & Susan Sanders – “Era of Conservation Science”; involved in Putah Creek lawsuit