Accounting Principles and Financial Instruments Overview, Study notes of Financial Accounting

A structured overview of key accounting principles and financial instruments. It covers topics such as accounts receivable, allowance for doubtful accounts, defined benefit obligations, fair value of plan assets, and various financial instruments like fvpl and fvoci investments. Additionally, it includes information on receivable financing, goodwill, investment income, held-for-sale bond investments, borrowing costs, wasting assets, impairment of assets, investment property, lease liabilities, compound financial instruments, warranty liability, and contributed capital. Useful for students studying accounting and finance, offering a concise reference for understanding these complex topics.

Typology: Study notes

2024/2025

Available from 11/23/2025

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ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE
BB
CREDIT SALES
RECOVERY
COLLECTIONS
SD
SRA
WRITE-OFF
NOTES PAYMENT
EB
ALLOWANCE FOR DOUBTFUL ACCOUNTS
WRITE-OFF
BB
DOUBTFUL EXPENSE
RECOVERY
EB
DEFINED BENEFIT OBLIGATION
ACTUARIAL GAIN
BENEFITS PAID
CA OF DBO SETTLED
IN ADVANCE
BB
CURRENT SERVICE COST
PAST SERVICE COST
INTEREST EXPENSE
ACTUARIAL LOSS
EB
FAIR VALUE OF PLAN ASSETS (FVPA)
BB
ACTUAL RETURN
CONTRIBUTIONS MADE
BENEFITS PAID
SETTLEMENT PRICE OF PBO
SETTLED IN ADVANCE
EB
DEFINED BENEFIT COST
CURRENT SERVICE COST
PAST SERVICE COST
GAIN/LOSS ON EARLY
SETTLEMENT
INTEREST EXPENSE (Liab)
INTEREST INCOME (Asset)
INT. ON EFFECT OF ASSET
CEILING
ACTUARIAL G/L
REMEASUREMENT OF PA o
CHANGE IN EFFECT OF
ASSET CEILING
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
PRESENTED IN — P&L
PRESENTED IN — P&L
PRESENTED IN — OCI
*** IF DBO > FVPA = DEFICIT; IF DBO < FVPA = SURPLUS ***
*** Net defined benefit liability (accrued pension) = Deficit***
*** Net defied benefit asset (prepaid pension) = Lower of surplus & Limit
Balance per bank xx
+ DIT xx
Less: OC xx
Less: ERROR xx xx
Balance per book (SQUEEZE) xx
+ Notes collected xx
Less: NSF xx
Less: ERROR xx xx
Adjusted balance per bank
Adjusted balance per book
FVPL — INVESTMENT
Initial Meas (Issued shs x (Rate — Div. rate)
FV, END (Shares markup x market price)
Less: FV Initial Meas
UG/L — P&L
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ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE

BB

CREDIT SALES

RECOVERY

COLLECTIONS

SD

SRA

WRITE-OFF

NOTES PAYMENT

EB

ALLOWANCE FOR DOUBTFUL ACCOUNTS

WRITE-OFF BB

DOUBTFUL EXPENSE

RECOVERY

EB

DEFINED BENEFIT OBLIGATION

ACTUARIAL GAIN

BENEFITS PAID

CA OF DBO SETTLED

IN ADVANCE

BB

CURRENT SERVICE COST

PAST SERVICE COST

INTEREST EXPENSE

ACTUARIAL LOSS

EB

FAIR VALUE OF PLAN ASSETS (FVPA)

BB

ACTUAL RETURN

CONTRIBUTIONS MADE

BENEFITS PAID

SETTLEMENT PRICE OF PBO

SETTLED IN ADVANCE

EB

DEFINED BENEFIT COST

CURRENT SERVICE COST

PAST SERVICE COST

GAIN/LOSS ON EARLY

SETTLEMENT

INTEREST EXPENSE (Liab) INTEREST INCOME (Asset) INT. ON EFFECT OF ASSET CEILING

ACTUARIAL G/L

REMEASUREMENT OF PA o CHANGE IN EFFECT OF ASSET CEILING TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL PRESENTED IN — P&L PRESENTED IN — P&L PRESENTED IN — OCI *** IF DBO > FVPA = DEFICIT; IF DBO < FVPA = SURPLUS *** *** Net defined benefit liability (accrued pension) = Deficit*** *** Net defied benefit asset (prepaid pension) = Lower of surplus & Limit Balance per bank xx

  • DIT xx Less: OC xx Less: ERROR xx xx Balance per book (SQUEEZE) xx
  • Notes collected xx Less: NSF xx Less: ERROR xx xx Adjusted balance per bank Adjusted balance per book FVPL — INVESTMENT FVOCI — INVESTMENT Initial Meas (Issued shs x (Rate — Div. rate) Initial Meas (Issued shs x (Rate – TC – Div rate) FV, END (Shares markup x market price) Less: FV Initial Meas FV, End (Shares markup x market price) Less: FV Initial Meas UG/L — P&L UG/L — OCI

RECEIVABLE FINANCING:

PV OF PRINCIPAL (EI)

ADD: PV OF NOMINAL: (NI)

YR. 1.

YR 2.

YR. 3.

Initial Meas Add: Downpayment Selling Price Less: CA Gain/Loss on sale Add: Interest Income Total Income *** PV of 1 = Lump sum (isang bagsakan ang payment) *** PV of OA of 1 = Annually and equally paid (every year- end) *** PV of OA Due = Today magbabayad GOODWILL INVESTMENT INCOME Consideration transferred Share in the BV- Investee’s net assets (1M x % Acquired) Share in Net Income x % Acquired Amortization: Equipment (2M x % Acquired divide UL) Inventory (3M x % Acquired) Excess UL upstream (300k x % Acquired) Share in FV adjustment: Equipment (2M x % Acquired) Inventory (3M x % Acquired) Realized loss on sale (300k x %Acquired divide by UL x No. of MOS) Goodwill Investment income BB (CT) xx Add: Investment income xx Less: Div. received x %Acquired xx CA/Ending Balance xx HELD FOR SALE: Bond Investment FVPL — INVESTMENT FVOCI — INVESTMENT FV, END Less: FV Initial Meas FV, End Less:AMORTIZED COST*** UG/L — P&L UG/L — OCI FVPL — INVESTMENT FVOCI — INVESTMENT FV, END Less: FV Initial Meas FV, End Less:AMORTIZED COST*** Cumulative UL Cumulative Gain UG/L — P&L UG/L — OCI Date NI (face value) EI (yield) Amortized BV/CA 1/1/2025 xx 12/31/2025 xx 12/31/2026 xx Insurance Premium xx Increase in CSV (EB – BB ) (xx) Dividend received (xx) Life insurance expense xx Government Grant: Interest Expense = Interest Income *Rate can be: DDB/SYD Gross Method: Received grant x rate; or divide UL x MOS remaining until year-end) Net Method: Cost (CA – RV) Less: Dep. Exp. (amount x rate; or divide UL x MOS remaining until year-end) CA – year-end

COMPOUND FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

Issue price xx FV of the bonds w/out conversion option: Principal (PV of 1) xx Interest (PV of OA of 1) xx (xx) Bond conversion privilege xx Amortization Table NI < EI = Discount (add); NI > EI = Premium (deduct) *NI = 2,000,000 x 6% x 9/12 (Jan 1 until September 31) *EI = 1,662,516 x 9% x 9/ Retirement price (amount – interest paid) xx Less: FV of bonds w/out conversion xx Retirement price - CP xx WARRANTY LIABILITY & EXPENSE Sales with minor repairs x % cost xx Sales with major repairs x %cost xx Before risk adjustment xx X risk adjustment factor (probability e.g. 6%) 1. After risk adjustment xx Expenditures (After risk adjustment x % of repair) xx Estimated liability (after risk adjustment x % of repair x % no warranty repair) xx Warranty expense xx CONTRIBUTED CAPITAL & LEGAL CAPITAL ISSUED SHARES Cash/Property/Legal (e.g. Land & Legal expense) SC @PAR SP – excess — To record issued shares Cash Subscription receivable Subscribed SC @PAR — To record received subscription DATE NI( Face amount) EI (stated rate) PR CA 1/1/2022 1,610, 12/31/2022 120,000 144, 936 24,936 1,635, 12/31/2023 120,000 147,180 27,180 1,662, 12/31/ (Retirement)

Preference share capital, P100 par Share premium - preference share Ordinary share capital (no par value with P20 stated value) Additional paid-in capital – Ordinary Shares Ordinary share warrants outstanding ( OSWO — share premium) Share premium from Bond conversion privilege ( BCP ) Ordinary share options outstanding ( OSOO ) Donated capital Ordinary shares subscribed Subscription receivable – ordinary shares ( long-term ) — DEDUCT Gain on sale of treasury shares Ordinary shares dividends payable Total Contributed Capital Preference share capital, P100 par Ordinary share capital (no par value with P20 stated value) Additional paid-in capital – Ordinary Shares Preference share subscribed Ordinary shares subscribed Ordinary shares dividends payable Total Legal Capital