First year : Single phase AC System, Lecture notes of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

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Unit-I

Nov 2, 2024 ALANDI(D), PUNE-412 105. S. S. Kabra & M.M. Bhalekar School of Electrical Engg.

A.C. Circuits

Electrical &

Electronics Engg.

Unit 1- AC Circuits

Contents: Energy Scenario, General structure of electrical power systems, A.C. fundamentals, RMS and average value, R-L,R-C,RLC series and parallel circuits, phasor diagram, power triangle and power factor, measures to improve power factor and its effects on Power system and consumer. Work, Power & Energy, costing of electricity, Application of Renewable Energy Systems, Design of PV system (offgrid), Battery selection and its series parallel connections Course Learning Objective: To impart knowledge of Single phase AC Circuit and use of renewable energy systems. Students successfully completing the course will be able to, CO1---Develop Renewable Energy System (PV) & Power factor improvement circuits. (BloomLevel-3)

✔ India is a net importer of energy. ✔ More than 25% of primary energy needs is met through imports mainly in form of crude oil and natural gas. ✔ Heavy dependence on non renewable sources of energy (coal, petroleum, natural gas) to meet the demand.

ENERGY SCENARIO IN INDIA

• (^) India is one of the world’s largest consumer of energy
• (^) Conventional sources: Thermal, Hydro and Nuclear.
• (^) Non- conventional: Wind, solar, Geothermal, tidal.
• (^) Installed capacity – Power Installed Capacity :

3,74,200 MW (upto Nov-2020)

• (^) Annual power production –1,106,000 Giga Watt hr
• (^) Per Capita Power Consumption : 1208 kWh (2019-

INTRODUCTION

Primary Source of Energy Energy Conversion Petroleum Secondary Energy m Courtesy of EDF Energy

There are two types of energy in world on the

basis of there sources and production cycles.

Electricity Supply Chain

Generation Transmission Distribution Con

Types of Current

AC: Alternating Current

• (^) DC: Direct Current I constant in Mag. & direction 0

=t R i = Im sin t v =Vm sin t R I V

Consider a rectangular coil of single turn is in motion in a uniform magnetic field as shown in Fig. Because of flux linkages with coil changes, an emf is induced in coil. The emf is given by formula, e = Bℓ v sin= E max sin E max = Bℓ v at sin= 1 where B is the flux density of the magnetic field in Tesla, ℓ is the active length of conductor in magnetic field, v is the velocity of conductor in motion.

Thus emf equation can be written as e = E max sin = E m sint where =t = E m sin( 2 ft) = E m sin where f= 1/ T where angular vel. = 2f Similar to above eq., we can write equations for instantaneous value of current as follows; i = I m sin = Im sint = I m sin( 2 ft) = Im sin Amp       T 2  t       T 2  t       T 2  t       T 2  t

Important Terms related to Alternating

Quantity

Because of alternating voltage and current changing

continuously, they have a number of properties.

These basic properties are:

1. Instantaneous value

The value of an alternating quantity at a

particular instant is known as its instantaneous

value.

Ex. i

1

and i

2

shown in fig. are the instantaneous value

of alternating current at two diff. instances t

1

and t

2

resp.