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C++ - Module 02

Ad-hoc polymorphism, operator overloading

and Orthodox Canonical class form

Summary: This document contains the exercises of Module 02 from C++ modules.

Version: 8

Contents

• I Introduction
• II General rules
• III New rules
• IV Exercise 00: My First Class in Orthodox Canonical Form
• V Exercise 01: Towards a more useful fixed-point number class
• VI Exercise 02: Now we’re talking
• VII Exercise 03: BSP
• VIII Submission and peer-evaluation

Chapter II

General rules

Compiling

• Compile your code with c++ and the flags -Wall -Wextra -Werror
• Your code should still compile if you add the flag -std=c++

Formatting and naming conventions

• The exercise directories will be named this way: ex00, ex01, ... , exn
• Name your files, classes, functions, member functions and attributes as required in the guidelines.
• Write class names in UpperCamelCase format. Files containing class code will always be named according to the class name. For instance: ClassName.hpp/ClassName.h, ClassName.cpp, or ClassName.tpp. Then, if you have a header file containing the definition of a class "BrickWall" standing for a brick wall, its name will be BrickWall.hpp.
• Unless specified otherwise, every output messages must be ended by a new-line character and displayed to the standard output.
• Goodbye Norminette! No coding style is enforced in the C++ modules. You can follow your favorite one. But keep in mind that a code your peer-evaluators can’t understand is a code they can’t grade. Do your best to write a clean and readable code.

Allowed/Forbidden

You are not coding in C anymore. Time to C++! Therefore:

• You are allowed to use almost everything from the standard library. Thus, instead of sticking to what you already know, it would be smart to use as much as possible the C++-ish versions of the C functions you are used to.
• However, you can’t use any other external library. It means C++11 (and derived forms) and Boost libraries are forbidden. The following functions are forbidden too: *printf(), *alloc() and free(). If you use them, your grade will be 0 and that’s it.

C++ - Module 02

Ad-hoc polymorphism, operator overloading and Orthodox Canonical class form

• Note that unless explicitly stated otherwise, the using namespace <ns_name> and friend keywords are forbidden. Otherwise, your grade will be -42.
• You are allowed to use the STL in the Module 08 and 09 only. That means: no Containers (vector/list/map/and so forth) and no Algorithms (anything that requires to include the header) until then. Otherwise, your grade will be -42.

A few design requirements

• Memory leakage occurs in C++ too. When you allocate memory (by using the new keyword), you must avoid memory leaks.
• From Module 02 to Module 09, your classes must be designed in the Orthodox Canonical Form, except when explicitely stated otherwise.
• Any function implementation put in a header file (except for function templates) means 0 to the exercise.
• You should be able to use each of your headers independently from others. Thus, they must include all the dependencies they need. However, you must avoid the problem of double inclusion by adding include guards. Otherwise, your grade will be 0.

Read me

• You can add some additional files if you need to (i.e., to split your code). As these assignments are not verified by a program, feel free to do so as long as you turn in the mandatory files.
• Sometimes, the guidelines of an exercise look short but the examples can show requirements that are not explicitly written in the instructions.
• Read each module completely before starting! Really, do it.
• By Odin, by Thor! Use your brain!!!

You will have to implement a lot of classes. This can seem tedious, unless you’re able to script your favorite text editor.

You are given a certain amount of freedom to complete the exercises. However, follow the mandatory rules and don’t be lazy. You would miss a lot of useful information! Do not hesitate to read about theoretical concepts.

Chapter IV

Exercise 00: My First Class in

Orthodox Canonical Form

Exercise : 00

My First Class in Orthodox Canonical Form Turn-in directory : ex 00 / Files to turn in : Makefile, main.cpp, Fixed.{h, hpp}, Fixed.cpp Forbidden functions : None

You think you know integers and floating-point numbers. How cute.

Please read this 3 pages article (1, 2, 3) to discover that you don’t. Go on, read it.

Until today, every number you used in your code was basically either an integer or a floating-point number, or any of their variants (short, char, long, double, and so forth). After reading the article above, it’s safe to assume that integers and floating-point num- bers have opposite caracteristics.

But today, things will change. You are going to discover a new and awesome number type: fixed-point numbers! Forever missing from the scalar types of most languages, fixed-point numbers offer a valuable balance between performance, accuracy, range and precision. That explains why fixed-point numbers are particularly applicable to computer graphics, sound processing or scientific programming, just to name a few.

As C++ lacks fixed-point numbers, you’re going to add them. This article from Berkeley is a good start. If you have no idea what Berkeley University is, read this section of its Wikipedia page.

C++ - Module 02

Ad-hoc polymorphism, operator overloading and Orthodox Canonical class form

Create a class in Orthodox Canonical Form that represents a fixed-point number:

• Private members:

◦ An integer to store the fixed-point number value. ◦ A static constant integer to store the number of fractional bits. Its value will always be the integer literal 8.

• Public members:

◦ A default constructor that initializes the fixed-point number value to 0. ◦ A copy constructor. ◦ A copy assignment operator overload. ◦ A destructor. ◦ A member function int getRawBits( void ) const; that returns the raw value of the fixed-point value. ◦ A member function void setRawBits( int const raw ); that sets the raw value of the fixed-point number.

Running this code:

#include int main( void ) { Fixed a; Fixed b( a ); Fixed c; c = b; std::cout << a.getRawBits() << std::endl; std::cout << b.getRawBits() << std::endl; std::cout << c.getRawBits() << std::endl; return 0; }

Should output something similar to: $> ./a.out Default constructor called Copy constructor called Copy assignment operator called // <-- This line may be missing depending on your implementation getRawBits member function called Default constructor called Copy assignment operator called getRawBits member function called getRawBits member function called 0 getRawBits member function called 0 getRawBits member function called 0 Destructor called Destructor called Destructor called $>

C++ - Module 02

Ad-hoc polymorphism, operator overloading and Orthodox Canonical class form

Running this code:

#include int main( void ) { Fixed a; Fixed const b( 10 ); Fixed const c( 42.42f ); Fixed const d( b ); a = Fixed( 1234.4321f ); std::cout << "a is " << a << std::endl; std::cout << "b is " << b << std::endl; std::cout << "c is " << c << std::endl; std::cout << "d is " << d << std::endl; std::cout << "a is " << a.toInt() << " as integer" << std::endl; std::cout << "b is " << b.toInt() << " as integer" << std::endl; std::cout << "c is " << c.toInt() << " as integer" << std::endl; std::cout << "d is " << d.toInt() << " as integer" << std::endl; return 0; }

Should output something similar to: $> ./a.out Default constructor called Int constructor called Float constructor called Copy constructor called Copy assignment operator called Float constructor called Copy assignment operator called Destructor called a is 1234. b is 10 c is 42. d is 10 a is 1234 as integer b is 10 as integer c is 42 as integer d is 10 as integer Destructor called Destructor called Destructor called Destructor called $>

Chapter VI

Exercise 02: Now we’re talking

Exercise 02

Now we’re talking Turn-in directory : ex 02 / Files to turn in : Makefile, main.cpp, Fixed.{h, hpp}, Fixed.cpp Allowed functions : roundf (from )

Add public member functions to your class to overload the following operators:

• The 6 comparison operators: >, <, >=, <=, == and !=.
• The 4 arithmetic operators: +, - , *, and /.
• The 4 increment/decrement (pre-increment and post-increment, pre-decrement and post-decrement) operators, that will increase or decrease the fixed-point value from the smallest representable ϵ such as 1 + ϵ > 1.

Add these four public overloaded member functions to your class:

• A static member function min that takes as parameters two references on fixed-point numbers, and returns a reference to the smallest one.
• A static member function min that takes as parameters two references to constant fixed-point numbers, and returns a reference to the smallest one.
• A static member function max that takes as parameters two references on fixed-point numbers, and returns a reference to the greatest one.
• A static member function max that takes as parameters two references to constant fixed-point numbers, and returns a reference to the greatest one.

Chapter VII

Exercise 03: BSP

Exercise 03

BSP Turn-in directory : ex 03 / Files to turn in : Makefile, main.cpp, Fixed.{h, hpp}, Fixed.cpp, Point.{h, hpp}, Point.cpp, bsp.cpp Allowed functions : roundf (from )

Now that you have a functional Fixed class, it would be nice to use it.

Implement a function which indicates whether a point is inside of a triangle or not. Very useful, isn’t it?

BSP stands for Binary space partitioning. You are welcome. :)

You can pass this module without doing exercise 03.

C++ - Module 02

Ad-hoc polymorphism, operator overloading and Orthodox Canonical class form

Let’s start by creating the class Point in Orthodox Canonical Form that represents a 2D point:

• Private members:

◦ A Fixed const attribute x. ◦ A Fixed const attribute y. ◦ Anything else useful.

• Public members:

◦ A default constructor that initializes x and y to 0. ◦ A constructor that takes as parameters two constant floating-point numbers. It initializes x and y with those parameters. ◦ A copy constructor. ◦ A copy assignment operator overload. ◦ A destructor. ◦ Anything else useful.

To conclude, implement the following function in the appropriate file:

bool bsp( Point const a, Point const b, Point const c, Point const point);

• a, b, c: The vertices of our beloved triangle.
• point: The point to check.
• Returns: True if the point is inside the triangle. False otherwise. Thus, if the point is a vertex or on edge, it will return False.

Implement and turn in your own tests to ensure that your class behaves as expected.