Flight Paramedic Study Guide - Flight Physiology, Exams of Nursing

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Flight Paramedic Study Guide - Flight

Physiology

During iiascent iidoes iigas iiexpand iior iicontact? ii- iiAnswers ii-Expand ii- iiBoyles iiLaw During iidescent iidoes iigas iicontract iior iiexpand? ii- iiAnswers ii-Contact ii- iiBoyles iiLaw Climb ii100m iiwill iicause iitemperature iito? ii- iiAnswers ii-Drop ii 1 - degree iiCelsius ii- iiCharles' iilaw For iievery ii1,000 iift iitemperature iiwill iidrop? ii- iiAnswers ii- 2 iidegrees iiCelsius ii- iiCharles's iilaw how iito iicalculate iicelsius iito iifahrenheit ii- iiAnswers ii-(°C iix ii1.8) ii+ ii 32 ii= ii°F How iito iiconvert iiFahrenheit iito iiCelsius ii- iiAnswers ii-(°F ii- ii32) ii/ ii1.8 ii= ii°C the iitemperature iioutside iiis ii 18 ii°C. iiWhat iiwould iithat iiequal iiin iiFahrenheit ii- iiAnswers ii-(18 ii* ii1.8) ii+ ii 32 (32.4) ii+ ii32= 64.4 ii°F You're iifeeling iiill iiand iiyour iibody iitemperature iiis ii101.3 ii°F. iiWhat iiis iithe iitemperature iiin iiCelsius? ii- iiAnswers ii-(101.3 ii- ii32) ii/ ii1. (69.3) ii/ ii1.8= 38.5 ii°C When iiyou iicharge iian iioxygen iitank, iiand iithe iitank iigets iihot; iithat iiis iian iiexample iiof iiwhat iigas iilaw ii- iiAnswers ii-Charles' iiLaw Does iigas iivolume iiexpand iior iishrink iias iitemperature iiincreases? ii- iiAnswers ii-expands Will iia iivolume iiof iia iigas iishrink iior iiexpand iiwhen iitemperature iidecreases? ii- iiAnswers ii-Shrink An iioxygen iicylinder iileft iioutside iiovernight iiwill iihave iia iilower iipressure iireading iiin iithe iimorning iidue iitemperature iidrop. iiThat iiis iian iiexample iiof iiwhat iigas iilaw? ii- iiAnswers ii- Gay-Lussac's iiLaw All iicarbonated iibeverages iiare iiexample iiof iiwhich iigas iilaw? ii- iiAnswers ii-Henry's iiLaw

Which iigas iilaw iican iicause iithe iibends iior iidecompression iisickness? ii- iiAnswers ii- Henry's iiLaw Gases iidiffuse iifrom iia iihigher iiconcentration iito iian iiarea iiof iilower iiconcentration iiis iiwhich iigas iilaw? ii- iiAnswers ii-Graham's iiLaw This iigas iilaw iiis iian iiexample iiof iithe iiongoing iiprocess iiof iithe iidiffusion iiof iioxygen iiand iicarbon iidioxide iiin iithe iiblood iiand iithe iitransfer iiof iioxygen iifrom iiblood iiinto iithe iicells. iiWhich iigas iilaw iiis iithis? ii- iiAnswers ii-Graham's iiLaw gas iibubbles iicoming iiout iiof iiexposed iigrey iimatter iiwhen iiat iialtitude iiis iian iiexample iiof iiwhich iigas iilaw? ii- iiAnswers ii-Graham's iiLaw Which iigas iiexplains iiwhy iiyou iiget iihypoxic iiwhen iiyou iiincrease iiin iialtitude? ii- iiAnswers ii-Dalton's iiLaw Dalton's iiLaw iican iibe iiremembered iiby iithe iiphrase ii"Daltons iiGang" iibecause? ii- iiAnswers ii-Oxygen iimolecules iithat iiwere ii"ganged iiup" iiat iilower iialtitudes iispread iiapart iiat iihigher iialtitudes, iimaking iiless iioxygen iiavailable iifor iibreathing. Ballon, iibarotrauma, iiequipment iiissues, iiair iifilled iimedical iidevice iiexpansion, iiAGE, iiand iipneumocephalus ii= iiwhich iigas iilaw? ii- iiAnswers ii-Boyle's Soft iitissues iiswelling iiat iialtitude ii "________ iiGang" ii which iigas iilaw? ii- iiAnswers ii-Dalton's Charging iiCharles ii- iiAnswers ii-Charles' iilaw Grey iiMatter ii= iiWhich iigas iilaw? ii- iiAnswers ii-Graham's Heineken ii decompression iisickness, iithe iibends ii= iiwhich iigas iilaw? ii- iiAnswers ii-Henry's Barotitis iimedia ii- iiAnswers ii-ear iipain iior iiear iiblock ii results iifrom iifailure iiof iithe iimiddle iiear iispace iito iiventilate iiwhen iigoing iifrom iilow iito iihigh iiatmospheric iipressure ii(descent.) Treat iiwith iiValsalva iimaneuver iior iiwith iiOxymetazoline ii(Afin) Barodontalgia ii- iiAnswers ii-Acute iitoothache iicaused iiby iiair iibeing iitrapped iiin iia iitooth. iiCommonly iioccurs iiduring iiascent, iiwith iidecent iibringing iirelief. ii "baro" iimeans iipressure, iiand ii"odontalgia" iimeans iitooth iipain Barosinusitis, iior iisinus iibarotrauma ii- iiAnswers ii-Sinus iiblock

sinus iiblock iiis iian iiacute iior iichronic iiinflammation iiof iione iior iimore iiof iithe iiparanasal iisinuses iiproduced iiby iithe iidevelopment iiof iia iipressure iidifferences, iiusually iinegative ii(ascent) iibut iican iioccur iion iiBOTH iiascent iiand iidescent, iibetween iithe iiair iiin iithe iisinus iicavity iiand iithat iiof iithe iisurrounding iiatmosphere. Formula iifor iicalculating iithe iipartial iipressure iiof iiO2 ii- iiAnswers ii-Gas iiconcentration iiX iiFiO2= iiPP Dalton's iilaw iidemonstrates iithat iithe iiconcentration iiof iiO2 iiat ii43,000 iifeet iiMSL iiis ii21%. iiIf iithe iibarometric iipressure iiat ii43,000 iifeet iiMSL iiis ii 162 iitorr, iiwhat iiwould iithe iipartial iipressure iiof iioxygen iibe iiat iithis iialtitude? A) ii 45 iitorr B) ii 22 iitorr C) ii 34 iitorr D) ii 14 iitorr ii- iiAnswers ii-C) ii 34 iitorr Dalton's iilaw iistates iithat iias iiwe iiascend iiin iialtitude, iithe iiconcentration iiof iioxygen iiremains iithe iisame. iiHowever, iibecause iiof iithe iidecreased iibarometric iipressure, iithe iipartial iipressure iiof iioxygen iidecreases iias iialtitude iiincreases. At iisea iilevel: ii 760 iitorr iix ii0.21 ii= ii 159 iitorr 40,000 iifeet: ii 162 iitorr iix ii0.21 ii= ii 34 iitorr barobariatruama ii- iiAnswers ii-Barotrauma iiis iitissue iiinjury iicaused iiby iia iipressure- related iichange iiin iibody iicompartment iigas iivolume. Barobaria iitrauma iiis iibest iiprevented iiby... ii- iiAnswers ii-Pre iioxygenation- iiCaused iiby iia iilarge/sudden iirelease iiof iinitrogen iifrom iithe iiadipose iitissues iiof iithe iibody iiupon iidecompression. iiPts iiwith iidecreased iiVt iiand iiFRC iican iinot ii"blow iioff" iithe iiexcess iinitrogen iifast iienough. Signs iiof iibarobariotruama iiduring iiflight iitransport ii- iiAnswers ii--neurological iisymptoms iias iia iiresult iiof iia iirapid iirelease iiof iinitrogen iifrom ii

• disoriented
• hallucinations
• short-term iimemory iiloss
• difficult iiin iiconcentrating who iiis iiat iigreater iirisk iiof iibarobariotruama iiduring iiflight iitransport? ii- iiAnswers ii-- overweight iior iiobese iipatients
• pregnant iipatients
• pediatrics

Four iibasic iivariables iithat iiaffect iigas iivolumetric iirelationships iiare? ii- iiAnswers ii- Temperature Pressure ii Relative iimass iiof iigas iior iithe iinumber iiof iimolecules AGE iistands iifor? ii- iiAnswers ii-Atrial iiGas iiEmbolisms ii and iiis iithe iilead iicause iiof iideath iiamong iiscuba iidivers. What iiare iithe ii 8 iistressors iiof iiflight? ii- iiAnswers ii-1. iiDecreased iipartial iipressure iiof iioxygen ii

2. iiBarometric iipressure ii
3. iiThermal iichanges ii
4. iiDecreased iihumidity ii
5. iiNoise ii
6. iiVibration ii
7. iiFatigue ii
8. iiG-force DEATH-factors iieffecting iiflight iistressors ii- iiAnswers ii-D ii- iiDrugs ii E ii- iiExhaustion ii A ii- iiAlcohol ii T ii- iiTobacco ii H ii- iiHypoglycemia Night iivision iiis iidecreased iibeginning iiat iihow iimany iifeet? ii- iiAnswers ii-5,000 iift You iihave iia iipatient iion iia iinon-rebreather iimask iiat ii0.5 iiFi02 iiand iiyou iiare iiat iisea iilevel. iiYou iiwill iibe iiflying iito iian iialtitude iiwith iia iitorr iiof ii500. iiWhat iiwill iibe iithe iioxygen iirequirement iiat iithis iipressure? ii- iiAnswers ii-0.5 iix ii 760 ii/ ii 500 ii= ii0.76 iiFi02 iirequired iifor iiascent ii(76% iioxygen) pneumocephalus ii- iiAnswers ii-the iipresence iiof iiair iiin iithe iiintracranial iispace Boyle's iiLaw what iiis iithe iipressure iivalue iiat iisea iilevel? ii- iiAnswers ii- 760 iitorr iior iimmHg ii(1 iiATM) what iiis iithe iipressure iivalue iiat ii10,000 iift ii- iiAnswers ii- 523 iitorr iior iimmHG what iiis iithe iipressure iivalue iiat ii18,000 iift ii- iiAnswers ii- 380 iitorr iior iimmHg ii(1/2 iiATM) hypoxic iihypoxia ii- iiAnswers ii-"Not iienough iioxygen iiin iithe iiair" iiAKA iialtitude iihypoxia ii inadequate iiventilation iior iireduction iiin iithe iiP)2 iiand iiis iicharacterized iiby iia iilack iiof iioxygen iientering iithe iiblood. What iican iicause iihpoxic iihypoxia? ii- iiAnswers ii-Increase iiin iialtitude ii

lung iidisease airway iiobstruction ii right-to-left iishunt iin iithe iiheart ii reduction iiin iigas iiexchange iiin iithe iialveoli ii low iiPo Clinical iihypoxia iiwill iistart iito iidevelop iiwithin iia iifew iihundred iifeet iifrom iithe iiground iibut iisymptoms iido iinot iibegin iiuntil iiheight iiof iihow iimany iifeet? ii- iiAnswers ii-5, what iipatients iiare iimore iisusceptible iito iihypoxic iihypoxia? ii- iiAnswers ii-cardiovascular ii pneumothorax ii tension iipneumothorax hypoxic iihypoxia iipatients iiill iibecome? ii- iiAnswers ii-cyanotic At iihow iimany iifeet iiand iiwhat iipresentage iidoes iioxygen iisaturation iistart iito iireduce? ii- iiAnswers ii--The iiblood iioxygen iisaturation ii98% iiat iisea iilevel ii--reduced iito ii87% iiat ii10,000 iift iiand ii

• 60% iiat ii22,000 iift. Oxygen iiAdjustment iiCalculation ii- iiAnswers ii-(FiO2 iix iiPressure iion iithe iiground iior iiwhere iiyou're iiat) iiP1 ii/pressure iiyou're iiflying iito iiP histotoxic iihypoxia ii- iiAnswers ii-The iicells iiare iiunable iito iiuse iioxygen. ii There iiis iiplenty iiof iioxygen iiavailable, iiand iiit iican iibind iito iihemoglobin, iibut iithe iitissues iicannot iiaccess iiit. ii "poisoning" What iicauses iihistotoxic iihypoxia? ii- iiAnswers ii-results iifrom iipoisoning iior iimetabolic iidisorders iisuch iias: ii cyanide, iialcohol, iicarbon iimonoxide, iinitroglycerin, iisodium iinitroprusside ii(Nipride) Sign iiof iihistotoxic iihypoxia ii- iiAnswers ii-Cherry iired iiskin. Stagnant iiHypoxia ii- iiAnswers ii-"Blood iiisn't iimoving" Failure iito iitransport iioxygenated iiblood. ii Reduced iicardiac iioutput iior iipooling iiof iiblood In iiflight iimedicine, iistagnant iihypoxia iiresults iifrom? ii- iiAnswers ii-Venous iipooling iiin iithe iipatient iiduring iiaccelerated iimaneuvers, iisuch iias iisteep iiturns iiand iiother iimaneuvers iithat iiincrease iithe iigravitational iiload iion iithe iiaircraft. ii

Or iiblood iipooling iiin iithe iilower iiextremities iiof iipatients iiand iicrew iimembers iiwho iisit iiin iian iiaircraft iifor iiextended iiperiods. Stagnant iihypoxia iiwill iicause iievery iikind iiof iishock iiexpect? ii- iiAnswers ii-Hypovolemic Stagnant iihypoxia iiwill iicause iiwhat iikind iiof iiskin iireaction? ii- iiAnswers ii-Cyanotic iiskin A iipatient iiwith iia iitension iipneumothorax iiwould iiexperience iiwhich iitype iiof iihypoxia? ii- iiAnswers ii-Stagnant iihypoxia ii a iitension iipneumothorax iicompresses iithe iimediastinum iiand iivena iicava, iithus iirestricting iithe iiflow iiof iiblood, iiwhich iiis iithe iidefinition iiof iistagnant iihypoxia. Hypemic iiHypoxia ii- iiAnswers ii-Reduction iiin iithe iiO2 iicarrying iicapacity iiin iithe iiblood. iiImpaired iiattachment iiof iioxygen iito iihemoglobin. iior iireduced iinumber iiof iired iiblood iicells. ii hemorrhage, iianemia, iiand iidrugs ii(sulfanilamide iinitrates) "anemic" Causes iiof iihypemic iihypoxia ii- iiAnswers ii-carbon iimonoxide iipoising, ii hemorrhage, ii anemia, ii blood iiloss, ii excessive iismoking, ii use iiof iinitrite, ii and iisulfa iidrugs, ii sickle iicell iidisease. Hypemic iihypoxia iiwill iicause iiwhat iikind iiof iishock? ii- iiAnswers ii-Hypovolemic iishock What iiis iia iiskin iiof iihypemic iishock? ii- iiAnswers ii-Pale iiskin Stages iiof iihypoxia ii- iiAnswers ii-Indifferent Compensatory Disturbance Critical Indifferent iiStage iiof iiHypoxia ii- iiAnswers ii-Full iireasoning iiabilities, iisome iiloss iiof iinight iivision slightly iiincreased iiHR iiand iiRR, iidecreased iinight iivision experienced iibetween iisea iilevel iiand ii10,000 iift iibut iiit iimay iimanifest iiat iialtitudes iias iilow iias ii5,00 iift.

Compensatory iiStage iiof iihypoxia ii- iiAnswers ii-Increased iiHR, iiventilations, slowed iijudgement

• iiincreased iiBP iioccurs, iiimpairment iiof iitask iiperformance iioccurs Disturbance iistage iiof iihypoxia ii- iiAnswers ii-Slurred iispeech, iiimpaired iijudgement, ii"drunk" dizziness, iisleepiness, iitunnel iivision, iiand iicyanosis Critical iiStage iiof iiHypoxia ii- iiAnswers ii-No iilonger iiable iito iiphysiologically iifunction, iideath iiimminent. marked iimental iiconfusion iiand iiincapacitation indifferent iistage iiis iifrom iihow iimany iifeet iiand iiwhat iizone? ii- iiAnswers ii--physiologic iizone ii
• starts iiat iisea iilevel iito ii10,000 iift. What iihappens iito iithe iibody iiduring iithe iiindifferent iistage? ii- iiAnswers ii--slight iiincrease iiin iiheart iirate iiand iiventilation.
• Night-vision iideterioration iioccurs iiat ii 5000 iift. at iihow iimany iifeet iidoes iithe iisecond iistage iiof iihypoxia iistart? ii- iiAnswers ii-- compensatory iistage, iiwhich iioccurs iifrom
• ii10,000 iito ii15,000 iift. How iidoes iithe iibody iireact iiduring iithe iicompensatory iistage iiof iihypoxia? ii- iiAnswers ii-- the iibody iiattempts iito iiprotect iiitself iiagainst iihypoxia. ii
• Increases iiin iiblood iipressure, iiheart iirate, iiand iidepth iiand iirate iiof iirespiration iioccur. ii Efficiency iiand iiperformance iiof iitasks iithat iirequire iimental iialertness iibecome iiimpaired iiin iithis iistage. The iithird iistage iiof iihypoxia iiand iiat iihow iimany iifeet iidoes iithis iioccur? ii- iiAnswers ii-- disturbance iistage ii-15,000 iiand ii20,000 iift. How iidoes iiyour iibusy iireact iiduring iithe iidisturbance iistage iiof iihypoxia? ii- iiAnswers ii-- dizziness, iisleepiness, iitunnel iivision, iiand iicyanosis. ii
• Thinking iibecomes iislowed, iiand iimuscle iicoordination iidecreases. At iihow iimany iifeet iidoes iithe iifour iistage iiof iihypoxia iioccur ii- iiAnswers ii--critical iistage ii
• 20,000 iiand ii30,000 iift

How iidoes iithe iibody iireact iiduring iithe iicritical iistage iiof iihypoxia ii- iiAnswers ii--marked iimental iiconfusion

• incapacitation ii
• unconsciousness, iiusually iiwithin iia iifew iiminutes. What iiis iithe iimost iiimportant iistage iiof iihypoxia iito iirecognize ii- iiAnswers ii-The iiindifferent iistage ii because iiyou iican iistill iifully iithink PaO2 iidecreases ii__________ iiper iievery ii 1000 iift iiincrease iiin iialtitude ii- iiAnswers ii- 5 iimmHg PaO2 iidecreases ii 5 iimmHg iiper iievery ii___________ iiin iialtitude ii- iiAnswers ii-1,000 iift iiincrease Aerodontaligia ii- iiAnswers ii-Tooth iipain iithat iioccurs iion iiascent iidue iito iiair iibeing iitrapped iiin iifillings iiand iiexpands iidue iito iiBoyle's iiLaw Sterile iiCockpit ii- iiAnswers ii-Only iiessential iiconversation iiduring iitake iioff iiand iilanding iiand iibusy iiairspace. iiAppropriate iibreaking iiof iirule iiis iito iipoint iiout iian iiobstacle. Flight iiFollowing ii- iiAnswers ii-Flight iifollowing iiis ii 15 iimin iiwhile iiin iiflight iiand ii 45 iimin iiwhile iion iithe iiground. Emergency iiaction iiplan iiactivated ii 15 iiminutes iiafter iifailure iito iireport iiin Flight iisuit iimust iibe? ii- iiAnswers ii-Flame iiretardant iiand iipull ii1/4 iiinch iiaway iifrom iithe iibody. Long iirange iiflights iiare iiany iiflight iiover iihow iimany iihours? ii- iiAnswers ii-greater iithan ii 3 iihours The iionly iitime iiyou iidon't iineed iito iiwear iia iiseat iibelt iiis? ii- iiAnswers ii-during iistraight iiand iilevel iiflight ii or iiwhen iithe iiPIC ii"Pilot iiin iicommand" iican iibe iiused iiinterchangeably Visual iiFlight iiRules ii(VFR) ii- iiAnswers ii-you iican iifly iionly iiin iiweather iicondition iithat iiyou iican iisee iiwhere iiyou iiare iiflying. Instrument iiFlight iiRules ii(IFR) ii- iiAnswers ii-This iimeans iithat iithe iiweather iicondition iido iinot iiallow iisafe iiflight iiby iisight iialone, iiand iithe iipilot iimust iibe iiable iito iius iitheir iiinstruments iito iifly.

Inadvertent iiinstrument iiMeterological iiConditions ii(IIMC) ii- iiAnswers ii-This iimeans iithat iithe iipilot iibegan iiflying iiin iiVFR iiweather iiand iiunexpectedly iien iicountered iiweather iithat iirequired iiflying iiby iiinstruments ii Referred iito iias ii"Double iiIMC" How iibig iishould iia iilanding iizone iibe? ii- iiAnswers ii- 100 iift iix ii 100 iift The iilanding iizone iineeds iito iihave iiless iithan ii____ iidegree iislope iito iiavoid iithe iidanger iiof iithe iiblades iicoming iiin iito iicontact iiwith iian iiobject iior iiperson iion iia iislope? ii- iiAnswers ii- 5 iidegrees What iiis iiconsidered iito iibe iian iiunreliable iisign iiof iihypoxia? ii- iiAnswers ii-Cyanosis ii because iithe iiSP02 iihas iito iibelow ii75% iibefore iiit iiis iidetectable What iiare iilate iisigns iiof iihypoxia? ii- iiAnswers ii-Cyanosis iiand iihypotension What iiis iiemergency iitransmit iifrequency? ii- iiAnswers ii-Airband iifrequencies iiof ii121. iiMHz iiand ii243.0 iiMHz iiare iiinternationally iidesignated iidistress iisignal iichannels. Post iiCrash iiSequence ii- iiAnswers ii-Turn iioff iiin iiorder: 1.) iiThrottle 2.) iiFuel ii 3.) iiBattery ii

• Exit iithe iiaircraft iiand iianyone iiwho iineeds iiassist ii
• Grab iifirst iiaid iiand iisurvival iikits
• Assemble iiat iithe ii 12 iio'clock iiposition iifrom iithe iinose iiof iithe iiaircraft iiat iia iidistance iiof iia iiminimum iiof ii 50 iifeet.
• Begin iibuilding iia iishelter, iibuild iia iifire, iigathering iiwater, iicreating iia iisignal ii(shelter iiis iithe iifirst iipriority) What iiis iithe iiuniversal iidistress iifrequency? ii- iiAnswers ii-243.0 iiMHz Standard iiof iicare ii(negligence) ii- iiAnswers ii--Presence iiof iiduty ii
• Breach iiof iiduty
• Foreseeability ii
• Causation ii
• Injury ii
• Damages Duty iito iiReport ii- iiAnswers ii--Child iiabuse ii
• Elder iiabuse ii
• Violent iicrime

FAR iiPart ii 91 ii- iiAnswers ii-Applies iito iieveryone No iiduty iiday No iiweather iiminimums ii(PIC iiassumes iirisk), ii 8 iihours ii"bottle iito iithrottle" ii(drinking iialcohol) FAR iiPart ii 135 ii- iiAnswers ii-Flying iiPassengers iifor ii$ ii(taxi iiservice) Max ii 14 iihour iiduty iiday 8 iihours iitotal iiflying iitime 8 iihours iibottle iito iithrottle Elements iito iiprove iimalpractice ii- iiAnswers ii--Duty,

• Breach iiof iiduty,
• Injury iior iidamage, ii
• Causation,
• Forseeability Negligence ii- iiAnswers ii--failure iito iitake iiproper iicare iiin iidoing iisomething
• careless iineglect, iioften iiresulting iiin iiinjury. ii Deviation iifrom iiaccepted iistandard iiof iiperformance. Malpractice ii- iiAnswers ii-Based iion iia iiprofessional iistandard iiof iicare, iias iiwell iias iithe iiprofessional iistatues iiof iithe iicaregiver. The iiradio iisignal iithat iifollows iithe iicurvature iiof iithe iiearth iiand iihas iithe iigreatest iirange iiis? ii- iiAnswers ii-VHF iilow-band iiFM Rules iiof ii3's iifor iisurvival iioutdoors ii- iiAnswers ii-- 3 iiminutes iiwithout iioxygen
• 3 iihours iiwithout iishelter iiin iiextreme iiconditions
• 3 iidays iiwithout iiwater
• 3 iiweeks iiwithout iifood In iia iinon-pressured iiaircraft iithe iiaverage iitime iiof iiuseful iiconsciousness iiat ii18,000 iift iiand iilower iiis? ii- iiAnswers ii- 30 iiminutes In iia iinon-pressured iiaircraft iithe iiaverage iitime iiof iiuseful iiconsciousness iiat ii25,000 iift iiis? ii- iiAnswers ii- 3 - 5 iiminutes In iia iinon-pressured iiaircraft iithe iiaverage iitime iiof iiuseful iiconsciousness iiat ii30,000 iift iiis? ii- iiAnswers ii- 90 iiseconds, ii 1 - 2 iiminutes In iia iinon-pressured iiaircraft iithe iiaverage iitime iiof iiuseful iiconsciousness iiat ii35,000 iift iiis ii- iiAnswers ii- 30 - 60 iiseconds

In iia iinon-pressured iiaircraft iithe iiaverage iitime iiof iiuseful iiconsciousness iiat ii40, iiand iihigher iiis? ii- iiAnswers ii- 15 iiseconds iior iiless Flicker iiVertigo ii- iiAnswers ii-An iiimbalance iiin iibrain iicell iiactivity iicaused iiby iiexposure iito iilow-frequency iiflickering iior iiflashing iilight. iiLight iiflickering iifrom ii 4 iito ii 20 iitimes iiper iisecond iican iiprecipitate iireactions, iiincluding iinausea, iimigraines, iiunconsciousness, iiand iiseizures.