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Question 1. Which structure prevents food from entering the trachea during swallowing? A) Epiglottis B) Vocal cords C) Cricoid cartilage D) Thyroid cartilage Answer: A Explanation: The epiglottis is a flap of cartilage that covers the trachea during swallowing to prevent aspiration of food or liquid. Question 2. What is the most common cause of airway obstruction in the unconscious adult? A) Foreign object B) Tongue C) Swollen tonsils D) Blood Answer: B Explanation: In unconscious adults, the tongue muscles relax, causing the tongue to fall back and block the airway. Question 3. Which maneuver is recommended to open the airway in a patient with suspected cervical spine injury? A) Head-tilt/chin-lift B) Jaw-thrust C) Abdominal thrust D) Back blows Answer: B Explanation: The jaw-thrust maneuver opens the airway without moving the cervical spine and is therefore preferred in trauma patients. Question 4. An oropharyngeal airway (OPA) is contraindicated in which type of patient? A) Unconscious with no gag reflex
B) Unresponsive with a strong gag reflex C) Apneic patient D) Patient requiring suctioning Answer: B Explanation: OPAs should not be used in patients with an intact gag reflex due to the risk of vomiting and aspiration. Question 5. For an adult, what is the correct method for measuring an OPA? A) From the corner of the mouth to the earlobe B) From the nose to the earlobe C) From the chin to the sternum D) From the forehead to the jawline Answer: A Explanation: Measure the OPA from the corner of the mouth to the angle of the jaw or earlobe to select the correct size. Question 6. Which airway adjunct is safest for a semi-conscious patient with an intact gag reflex? A) Oropharyngeal airway B) Nasopharyngeal airway C) Laryngeal mask airway D) Endotracheal tube Answer: B Explanation: NPAs are better tolerated in patients with a gag reflex and can be used in semi-conscious patients. Question 7. When using a rigid suction catheter (Yankauer), what is the maximum recommended suction time for an adult? A) 5 seconds B) 10 seconds C) 15 seconds
Question 11. When should an EMT use a pocket mask with a one-way valve? A) For mouth-to-mouth rescue breaths B) When bag-valve-mask is unavailable C) For suctioning D) For delivering chest compressions Answer: B Explanation: A pocket mask with a one-way valve is used for mouth-to-mask ventilation when BVM is not available. Question 12. What is the normal respiratory rate for a healthy adult at rest? A) 8- 12 breaths/min B) 12-20 breaths/min C) 20-28 breaths/min D) 28-36 breaths/min Answer: B Explanation: The normal resting respiratory rate for adults is 12-20 breaths per minute. Question 13. Stridor on inspiration most likely indicates: A) Lower airway swelling B) Bronchospasm C) Upper airway obstruction D) Fluid in the alveoli Answer: C Explanation: Stridor is a high-pitched sound indicating upper airway obstruction, often at the larynx. Question 14. Which of the following is a sign of adequate breathing? A) Cyanosis B) Use of accessory muscles
C) Equal chest rise and fall D) Nasal flaring Answer: C Explanation: Equal chest rise and fall indicates effective air movement and adequate breathing. Question 15. Which device delivers the lowest concentration of supplemental oxygen? A) Non-rebreather mask B) Venturi mask C) Simple face mask D) Nasal cannula Answer: D Explanation: Nasal cannulas deliver lower oxygen concentrations (24-44%) compared to masks. Question 16. A pulse oximeter reading of 88% indicates: A) Hypoxia B) Normal oxygen saturation C) Hypercapnia D) Bradycardia Answer: A Explanation: A reading below 94% suggests hypoxia and the need for oxygen therapy. Question 17. Which is NOT an indication for supplemental oxygen in a trauma patient? A) Chest pain B) Saturation below 94% C) Normal mental status and breathing D) Severe shock Answer: C Explanation: Supplemental oxygen is not needed if the patient is stable, alert, and breathing normally with O2 saturation ≥94%.
B) Observe chest rise and fall C) Listen for stomach sounds D) Check capillary refill Answer: B Explanation: Visible chest rise and fall confirm effective ventilation with a BVM. Question 22. What is the correct ventilation rate for an apneic adult with a pulse using a BVM? A) 6-8 breaths/min B) 10-12 breaths/min C) 16-18 breaths/min D) 20-24 breaths/min Answer: B Explanation: The correct rate for adults is 10-12 breaths per minute, or one breath every 5-6 seconds. Question 23. Why should excessive ventilation be avoided during artificial ventilation? A) Causes hypoxia B) Increases risk of gastric inflation C) Lowers blood pressure D) Slows heart rate Answer: B Explanation: Over-ventilation increases the risk of air entering the stomach, which can cause vomiting and aspiration. Question 24. Which device allows for delivery of nearly 100% oxygen? A) Nasal cannula B) Simple face mask C) Non-rebreather mask D) Partial rebreather mask Answer: C
Explanation: A non-rebreather mask can deliver up to 95-100% oxygen at high flow rates. Question 25. What is the proper method for inserting an OPA in an infant? A) Upside down and rotate 180° B) Use a tongue depressor and insert right side up C) Insert with force D) Place in the nose Answer: B Explanation: For infants and children, use a tongue depressor and insert the OPA without rotation to avoid trauma. Question 26. Which of the following is a sign of respiratory failure in a pediatric patient? A) Nasal flaring B) Grunting C) Central cyanosis D) Mild retractions Answer: C Explanation: Central cyanosis is a late and serious sign of respiratory failure in children. Question 27. The most reliable method to assess for adequate oxygenation is: A) Counting respiratory rate B) Observing skin color C) Pulse oximetry D) Listening for breath sounds Answer: C Explanation: Pulse oximetry provides an objective and continuous measurement of oxygen saturation. Question 28. Which artificial airway is indicated for use in a patient with clenched jaw (trismus)? A) Oropharyngeal airway
Answer: B Explanation: Snoring sounds are typically caused by the tongue partially blocking the oropharynx. Question 32. Which sign is most concerning in an adult patient with severe respiratory distress? A) Speaking in full sentences B) Accessory muscle use C) Tripod position D) Silent chest (no air movement) Answer: D Explanation: A silent chest indicates minimal or absent air movement and impending respiratory failure. Question 33. During suctioning, what is the primary reason for limiting suction time? A) Avoiding airway irritation B) Preventing hypoxia C) Minimizing noise D) Reducing equipment clogging Answer: B Explanation: Prolonged suctioning removes oxygen and can quickly cause hypoxia. Question 34. Which of the following is a contraindication for using a bag-valve-mask? A) Apnea B) Agonal respirations C) Intact gag reflex D) Complete airway obstruction Answer: D Explanation: A BVM cannot ventilate a patient with a completely obstructed airway until the obstruction is cleared. Question 35. What is the most effective way to clear an upper airway obstruction in a conscious infant?
A) Abdominal thrusts B) Chest compressions C) Back slaps and chest thrusts D) Oropharyngeal suctioning Answer: C Explanation: For infants under 1 year, alternate back slaps and chest thrusts to relieve severe airway obstruction. Question 36. Which statement about oxygen tank safety is TRUE? A) Oxygen cylinders can be left in direct sunlight B) Never use oil or grease on oxygen fittings C) Cylinders can be stored horizontally D) Oxygen supports combustion but does not burn Answer: B Explanation: Oil or grease can react with oxygen and cause a fire or explosion; fittings must be kept clean and dry. Question 37. What is the initial step when using a bag-valve-mask with two rescuers? A) One rescuer ventilates while the other seals the mask B) Both deliver chest compressions C) One connects the mask to the cylinder D) One inserts an airway adjunct Answer: A Explanation: The most effective BVM ventilation is with two rescuers: one maintains a seal, the other squeezes the bag. Question 38. What is the purpose of the reservoir bag on a non-rebreather mask? A) Prevent rebreathing of exhaled air B) Store exhaled carbon dioxide C) Allow for higher oxygen concentration
Question 42. Which of the following findings is LEAST consistent with adequate ventilation? A) Chest rise with each breath B) Absence of cyanosis C) Decreasing level of consciousness D) Improvement in skin color Answer: C Explanation: Decreasing LOC suggests inadequate oxygen delivery or ventilation. Question 43. Which is the best indicator of effective artificial ventilation in a child? A) Visible chest rise B) High oxygen flow rate C) Use of oral airway D) Loud breath sounds Answer: A Explanation: Visible chest rise with each ventilation confirms air is entering the lungs. Question 44. A patient with a stoma who requires ventilation should be ventilated by: A) Sealing the mouth and nose, ventilating through the stoma B) Using a nasal cannula C) Performing mouth-to-mouth ventilation D) Only providing chest compressions Answer: A Explanation: The stoma is the airway; seal mouth/nose and ventilate directly through the stoma with a BVM. Question 45. The carina is located at which point in the airway? A) Between the larynx and trachea B) At the bifurcation of the trachea into main bronchi
C) At the vocal cords D) Where the trachea enters the lungs Answer: B Explanation: The carina is the point where the trachea divides into the right and left main bronchi. Question 46. Which assessment finding most strongly indicates inadequate breathing in an adult? A) Respiratory rate of 18 B) Shallow, irregular respirations C) Pink, warm skin D) Slight anxiety Answer: B Explanation: Shallow and irregular breaths suggest ineffective ventilation. Question 47. Which best describes the function of surfactant in the lungs? A) Enhances oxygen transport B) Prevents alveolar collapse C) Filters out pathogens D) Increases lung compliance Answer: B Explanation: Surfactant reduces surface tension, preventing alveoli from collapsing during exhalation. Question 48. Which of the following would most likely cause gurgling sounds during breathing? A) Upper airway swelling B) Fluid or secretions in the airway C) Foreign body obstruction D) Bronchospasm Answer: B Explanation: Gurgling indicates liquid or secretions in the upper airway.
Answer: C Explanation: Normal SpO2 is 94–99%; values below 94% indicate hypoxemia. Question 53. When is suctioning indicated in airway management? A) For all trauma patients B) Whenever there are visible secretions or gurgling C) In every cardiac arrest D) Only after inserting an airway adjunct Answer: B Explanation: Suctioning is needed if secretions or gurgling are present to prevent aspiration. Question 54. Which of the following is a correct indication for use of the jaw-thrust maneuver? A) Patient with suspected spinal injury B) Patient with a gag reflex C) Patient with abdominal trauma only D) Patient with severe hypoxia Answer: A Explanation: The jaw-thrust is indicated when spinal injury is suspected to avoid neck movement. Question 55. The primary muscle of respiration is the: A) Intercostal muscle B) Diaphragm C) Abdominal muscle D) Sternocleidomastoid Answer: B Explanation: The diaphragm is the main muscle responsible for inspiration and expiration. Question 56. What is the most common complication when using an oral airway that is too large? A) Gagging
B) Airway obstruction C) Bleeding D) Increased secretions Answer: B Explanation: An oral airway that is too large may push the epiglottis over the glottis, leading to obstruction. Question 57. Why is it important to avoid hyperextending the neck in infants? A) Prevent airway collapse B) Increase oxygenation C) Decrease heart rate D) Prevent vomiting Answer: A Explanation: Hyperextension can collapse the infant’s soft airway structures, obstructing airflow. Question 58. Which sign suggests that a child is compensating for respiratory distress? A) Central cyanosis B) Tachypnea C) Bradypnea D) Unresponsiveness Answer: B Explanation: Tachypnea is an early compensatory response to respiratory distress in children. Question 59. Which of the following could indicate impending respiratory arrest? A) Wheezing B) Grunting C) Silent chest D) Tachypnea Answer: C
C) Trauma patients D) Cardiac arrest Answer: A Explanation: Humidified oxygen is especially helpful for children to prevent airway drying and irritation. Question 64. Which oxygen delivery device is typically used for COPD patients to avoid suppressing the respiratory drive? A) Non-rebreather mask B) Partial rebreather mask C) Nasal cannula D) Bag-valve-mask Answer: C Explanation: Nasal cannulas allow for lower, controlled oxygen administration in COPD patients. Question 65. What is the most important step before applying oxygen to a patient? A) Open the oxygen tank B) Check for leaks C) Assess the need for oxygen D) Apply the mask Answer: C Explanation: Oxygen should only be given when there is a clear indication to avoid unnecessary risks. Question 66. Which of the following is TRUE about the use of a simple face mask? A) Delivers higher oxygen concentration than a nasal cannula B) Used for severe respiratory distress C) Has a reservoir bag D) Delivers 100% oxygen Answer: A
Explanation: Simple face masks deliver 40–60% oxygen, higher than nasal cannulas but less than non- rebreathers. Question 67. When ventilating a patient with a BVM, how long should each breath be delivered over? A) 0.5 second B) 1 second C) 3 seconds D) 5 seconds Answer: B Explanation: Each ventilation should be delivered over about 1 second, enough to produce visible chest rise. Question 68. Which of the following is a hazard of oxygen administration? A) Decreased risk of fire B) Suppression of hypoxic drive C) Hypoventilation in all patients D) Decreased airway resistance Answer: B Explanation: Excess oxygen can suppress the hypoxic respiratory drive in certain chronic lung disease patients. Question 69. Which is an expected finding in a patient with respiratory distress? A) Normal mental status B) Use of accessory muscles C) Noisy environment D) Pink mucous membranes Answer: B Explanation: Use of accessory muscles is common in respiratory distress as the patient tries to increase ventilation.
