Fluid Mechanics Apparatus Machine, Study notes of Civil Engineering

Different types of Fluid Mechanics Apparatus

Typology: Study notes

2021/2022

Available from 07/10/2022

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Hydrostatic Pressure Apparatus
The Hydrostatic Pressure accessory has been designed to determine
the static thrust exerted by a fluid on a submerged surface and
enables comparison of the measured magnitude and position of this
force with simple theory.
Determination of the center of pressures with an angle of 90°,
partially submerged.
Determination of the resultant force with an angle of 90°, partially
submerged.
Determination of the center of pressures, angle <> 90° partially
submerged.
Balance of momentum.
Particle Drag Coefficients
The Viscosity and Particle Drag apparatus is a simple falling-sphere
viscometer. The self-standing unit holds two glass tubes filled with
the test fluids, for comparisons and to minimize draining and refilling
of the fluids after experimentation. The back plate has a low-voltage
backlight so students can easily see the test spheres through the
fluid.
Observation of laminar, transition and turbulent flows.
Association of laminar, transition and turbulent flows with their
corresponding Reynolds number.
Observation of the parabolic velocity profile.
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Hydrostatic Pressure Apparatus The Hydrostatic Pressure accessory has been designed to determine the static thrust exerted by a fluid on a submerged surface and enables comparison of the measured magnitude and position of this force with simple theory. Determination of the center of pressures with an angle of 90°, partially submerged. Determination of the resultant force with an angle of 90°, partially submerged. Determination of the center of pressures, angle <> 90° partially submerged. Balance of momentum. Particle Drag Coefficients The Viscosity and Particle Drag apparatus is a simple falling-sphere viscometer. The self-standing unit holds two glass tubes filled with the test fluids, for comparisons and to minimize draining and refilling of the fluids after experimentation. The back plate has a low-voltage backlight so students can easily see the test spheres through the fluid. Observation of laminar, transition and turbulent flows. Association of laminar, transition and turbulent flows with their corresponding Reynolds number. Observation of the parabolic velocity profile.

PASCAL’S APPARATUS

This module is made up of a body with a diaphragm or membrane to which any of the three vessels can be attached. The membrane transfers the force to a lever arm that is balanced with masses and a spirit level. It also allows to determine the hydrostatic pressure quantitatively and to study the linear relation between pressure and filling height. Precision Pressure Gauge Calibrator The instrument combines a low and high-pressure range provided by two pistons of different effective area. Calibration is accurate to within ±0.025% of reading. A laboratory calibration certificate is supplied for each piston together with a traceable certificate of overall accuracy. The direct measurement of pressure (p=F/A) Masses added are proportional to the target pressure Calibration of pressure gauges by deadweight method to an accuracy better than 0.025% of reading

ORIFICE AND VENTURI METER DEMONSTRATOR

The equipment consists of a Venturi meter, variable area meter and orifice plate, installed in a series configuration to permit direct comparison. A flow control valve permits variation of the flow rate through the circuit. Pressure tappings are incorporated so that the head loss characteristics of each flow meter may be measured. These tapping’s are connected to an eight-tube manometer bank incorporating a manifold with an air bleed valve. Determination of the error in flow measurements using the orifice plate. is used for operating in-compressible fluids. In-compressible fluids are liquids and the flowing gases whose value of Mach number is less than 0.3. The Orifice meter is generally used for Liquids only.

GEAR PUMP DEMONSTRATION UNIT

ear pump is the most widely used of the positive action rotary pumps. Two gear wheels operate inside a casing. One is driven while the other rotates in mesh with it. The liquid is carried around in the space between consecutive teeth and then ejected as the teeth mesh. The pump has no valves. It is a positive displacement pump and will deliver against high pressures. The output is a more even flow than that of a reciprocating pump. It is particularly suitable for high- viscosity fluids. Measurement of constant-speed pump performance, including the production of characteristic curves of outlet pressure against: Flow rate, Motor shaft power Pump speed, Pump efficiency, Volumetric efficiency

Demonstration Pelton Turbine The Pelton turbine is a type of impulse turbine; such turbines convert the pressure energy of water into kinetic energy entirely in the distributor. During the conversion, the water jet is accelerated in a nozzle and directed onto the blades of the Pelton wheel tangentially. The water jet is redirected by approximately 180° in the blades. The impulse of the water jet is transmitted to the Pelton wheel. turbines convert the pressure energy of water into kinetic energy entirely in the distributor. For measuring the rotational speed, a non-contact speed sensor, is required. A manometer shows the water pressure at the turbine inlet. Cavitation Demonstration Apparatus advanced self-contained apparatus to demonstrate and observe the basic principles of cavitation and its implications on the performance of hydraulic machines and systems. As the flow of water increases the pressure at the throat falls in accordance with the Bernoulli equation until a limit is reached corresponding to the vapour pressure of the liquid. At these low-pressure small bubbles of vapour form then collapse violently as the pressure raises again downstream

  • a process called cavitation. Demonstration of reducing cavitation by increasing the static pressure in a liquid low-control valves upstream and downstream of the test section enable flow conditions to be optimized for the demonstration of cavitation