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Forensic Psychology Exam 2
Trial by Ordeal - correct answer a primitive method of determining a person's guilt or innocence by subjecting the accused person to dangerous or painful tests believed to be under divine control in vino veritas - correct answer in wine there is truth, alcohol disinhibits us real life lasso of truth - correct answer Pentothal and barbituate are used to depress inhibition, subduing ppl, they make ppl talk , didn't really work lying is ____ - correct answer adaptive By being adaptive - correct answer promotes survival Machiavellian Intelligence Hypothesis - correct answer human intelligence triggered by need for humans to develop essential social skills of manipulation, pretense and deception Lies of commission - correct answer saying something that is not true Planned lies - correct answer opposite of spontaneous instrumental lie - correct answer A child who lies to avoid getting in trouble told a(n)... lies of omission - correct answer leaving out crucial details that might reveal the truth can memories be wrong - correct answer yes, we might not pay attention to whole thing
what is easier than telling the truth - correct answer lying can police discern between lie and truth - correct answer yes, but not by much (54%) true or false: when lies are rehearsed, it is harder to tell a lie - correct answer TRUE is there a dead giveaway that someone is lying - correct answer NO college students vs police officers - correct answer college students were better at discerning truth, but police were more confident, police showed bias in false confessions as true are behavioral cues the best at detecting lies - correct answer NO 70% of respondents believe that when people lie they... - correct answer avert gaze and squirm does training improve ability to detect lies - correct answer NO, it makes them more confident about judgement confirmation bias - correct answer a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore contradictory evidence faulty cues + confirmation bias = - correct answer pressure, and some will falsely confess the polygraph - correct answer a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion (such as perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes). very accurate in physiological measurements
comparison question - correct answer known as lie questions, not related to crime but uncomfortable questions, broad questions, so anyone answering no is a liar what are reactions from comparison questions compared to - correct answer actual reactions when q? about crimes In the comparison test, innocent people - correct answer respond stronger to comparison questions In the comparison test, guilty people - correct answer respond stronger to crime questions who must persuade the suspect of the strength of the detector of lies - correct answer The examiner what is the test rated on - correct answer-3 to 3 if a suspect responds to crime questions stronger than comparison q, what type of
is assigned - correct answer negative (lies)
if a suspect responds to crime questions weaker than comparison q, what type of # is assigned - correct answer positive (truth) what if there are no differences in responses from comparison to crime q - correct answer neutral so 0 what is -1 or +1 - correct answer a just noticeable difference what is -2 or +2 - correct answer a strong difference what is -3 or +3 - correct answer a dramatic difference
what total score of -6 means or lower - correct answer being deceptive tricky part with CQT examiners - correct answer must ask q that elicit strong response from comparison q than compared to guilty ppl having a weaker one positive comparison test (PCT) - correct answer the relevant question is used as its own comparison question—that is, the relevant question is asked twice, and the suspect is instructed to tell the truth once and to tell a lie once, allowing for direct comparison of responses to the same question. weaknesses of process of test - correct answer ppl are really controlled, or non reactive, little physiological change, innocent ppl might react strongly to a crime q, ppl might not believe in validity lack of standardization - correct answer different q, demeanor of examiner, appearance of examiner can induce anxiety of suspect Use of Countermeasures - correct answer self stimulation vs self claiming starts can have big effect ( cause pain to spike measure for controlled measures) bellies about validity can affect results - correct answer how nervous a guilty or innocent person is differential reaction of person being tested - correct answer guilty but stoic, innocent but reactive if you truly believe something, you can pass a polygraph even if it is a misperception - correct answer TRUE what percent of sex criminals maintained innocence and passed polygraph - correct answer50% requires deception - correct answer convincing the interviewee that the test works
false negative - correct answer a guilty person is misclassified as innocent after lying true negative - correct answer an innocent person is correctly classified as innocent after telling the truth. what fraction are polygraphers able to catch deceptive subjects - correct answer3 / 4 polygraphs are useful in court and employment - correct answer FALSE!!! the polygraph can be seen as what - correct answer coercion device John Larson - correct answer Invented the polygraph, states that now the device is being extorted and it is a frankenstein monster if innocent, can test say you are guilty - correct answer YAH refusing to take the test makes one look - correct answer guilty Peter Reilly - correct answer Reilly "confessed" to killing his mother, but was far from the scene of the crime when it occurred., he failed test how many states banned the test - correct answer US vs Scheffer - correct answer concerned about allowing lie detector evidence into courtroom would usurp the role of the jury Ulmer v. State Farm - correct answer house burned, claim submitted, state farm denied it saying they set the fire to collect insurance money, polygraphs were given to owners, they were found not guilty, state farm denied evidence, judge overruled it
study with law students - correct answer0% found suspect guilty without test but 85% changed to guilty after evidence of failed test effectiveness of test is based on - correct answer persuasiveness of polygraphed testimony, sophistication of jurors, instructions from judge, training Test can determine - correct answer credibility do jurors find results persuasive or not - correct answer persuasive Buzz Fay - correct answer in prison for shooting ery during robbery, ery said it looked like buzz right before dying, police made buzz a deal, if passed test, all charges dropped, FAY knew he was innocent so he did it and failed, sent to prison, cleared after 2 years have innocent people been sent to prison bc of test results - correct answer yes guilty knowledge test - correct answer uses test equipment but not looking at lies, rather, detects whether someone knows facts only criminal would know, looking at arousal, if strong response to 6 out of 10 q, guilty OJ simpson Case - correct answer GKT, he failed the test, but it never made it to court, tried on gloved, found not guilty, he wrote a book, if i did it PRO of GKT - correct answer more correct classification, avoids false positive, more accurate, 97% innocent were correctly id compared to 82% of guilty subjects being identified Green River Killer - correct answer women murdered, then later raped, gary ridgeway, he passed the polygraph, decades later, more murders and he was arrested again, he confessed and pled guilty to avoid death sentence, agreed to cooperate, took responsibility of 48 confirmed murders
Spontaneous Lies - correct answer visual imagery, rehearsed lies activated areas associated with retrieval of episodic memories, -easier to detect -feature more verbal & nonverbal cues Limits on FMRI - correct answer expensive, immobile, participants varied significantly in combination of areas activated by lying EEG (electroencephalography) - correct answer- monitor the electrical activity in the brain -reads electrical activity from the brain across time from the surface of your scalp, ERPS arises which are electrical patterns that arise in brain in response to event High definition infrared thermal imaging - correct answer monitors miniscule shifts in the heat of the human face as a means of detecting deception. eye movement memory assessment - correct answer tracks visual attention to a scene based on eye movement, scanning path, pupil dilation, and gaze fixation to help assess guilty knowledge Laser Doppler Vibrometry - correct answer capable of monitoring physiological stress by means of near infrared light beam aimed at neck of subject Deception Analysis and Reasoning Engine (DARE) - correct answer combines facial micro expressions with characteristics of voice and transcripts of testimony to identify deception cognitive privacy - correct answer he legal issue of how to determine at what point lie detection devices invade people's right to privacy or violate their right not to incriminate themselves. are there difficulty interpreting probability statements - correct answer yes
stats need to be expressed multiple ways for ppl to understand - correct answer true How to improve investigation - correct answer more science training (4 % w/ma), strengthen methods and data collection and interpretation, proper handling of trace evidence, minimize bias human error touches every aspect of forensic science - correct answer true forensic experts overstate evidence - correct answer yes! Janet Staschack - correct answer she was strangled, dead found out bc didn't show up to job, they interviewed tom sawyer, he was alcoholic and interviewed for 16 hours straight, police convinced him he did it, he confessed and went to jail, his lawyer called for retrial, court said detective coerced him and fed him details, he was never in the apartment, deprived of food and water and sleep, released from prison, ( police shaPed and reshaped his memory) who is the real killer of janet staschak - correct answer Ned Lamant , escaped from prison, convicted of sexual assault, admitted to killing her and got life in prison janet stasback case remembrance - correct answer like the footpath murders where one confession was overturned, and the other person later found guilty goal of questioning - correct answer elicit a confession what % make full confession - correct answer39-48% what % makes partial admission or damaging statements - correct answer13-16% polie interrogate suspects and they make self incriminating statements - correct answer68%
Miranda Right - correct answering 60's to remain silent, to have attorney present, one can be appointed if broke, do they understand this what to do before questioning - correct answer ppl need to be mirandized, if not, can result in lawsuits In 1993, the Supreme Court - correct answer admissibility of evidence is determined case by case Miranda vs. Arizona - correct answer arrested for robbery, rape, confessed to crime but not aware of constitutional right, he sued arizona bc confessions should have not been allowed bc unaware of rights, he was set free, later caught stealing, went to prison, out on parole, in bard fight and dead.... the supreme court case in which the court held that criminal suspects must be informed of their right to consult with an attorney and of their right against self-incrimination prior to questioning by police. what % of suspects waive their Miranda rights? and why? - correct answer80, dont talk and can look guilty, can get a deal w/ police, avoid suspicion, nervous, police have tricks, suspect might not know they are waiving their rights, suspect has nothing to fide Study : Who waives Miranda Rights? - correct answer participants were guilty or innocent, confronted by neutral, sympathetic or hostile defense, asked if they wanted to waive their right, innocent wanted to waive, guilty did not, hostile are not waiving, neutral and sympathetic are willing, 36% guilty still waived, and 81% of innocent waived supreme court 2022 case - correct answer suspects who are not told about rights cannot sue police for damages, less liability if officer who does not mirandize someone what % choose to talk even if not guilty - correct answer80%
1961: Totality of circumstances (Culombe v. Connecticut) - correct answer judge rules on totality of circumstances of what led up to confession, details of interrogation, time, techniques, mirandized, what is still allowed after totality of circus? - correct answer can still hold 16 days without visitors or phone calls, phony lineups by fake eyewitness, victim survival lies, police goes in an cellmate Modern Interrogation - correct answer-Modern interrogation is primarily psychological (e.g., good cop/bad cop approach) -Police receive training and are familiar with interrogation manuals and techniques, detailed advice on interrogation process, down to questions, nonverbal, type of chairs, lighting social psychology: Reciprocity - correct answer give someone something, they give something back, Ben Franklin Effect - correct answer- If you want someone to like you, ask them to do you a favor why ben frank effect? - correct answer cognitive dissonance cognitive dissonance - correct answer mind wants to avoid behavior and thinking being out of synch, when a person holds 2 or more contradictory belief and participated in action that goes against one of them ... ppl then subconsciously change beliefs that are psychological inconsistent with their actions until they are consistent social psychology: commitment and consistency - correct answer once we make a commitment, we increase the likelihood that we will honor the commitment Social Psych: social proof - correct answer when we are uncertain about action to take, we tend to look at ppl around us to guide our choice and behaviors social psych: liking - correct answer we tend to say yes to ppl were feel positive toward
- force the alternative
- repetition, eliciting full confession
- documentation what is false confession prompted by - correct answer intimidation ,deception, fatigue and abuse, lying study with proven false confession - correct answer undergrads re jurors, we know confession is false, ppl read it and make case, 81% conviction rate, confessions are difficult to ignore even if false, coerced or no other evidence what is a fundamental aspect of human nature - correct answer lying videotaped study with college Undergraduate - correct answer they told avg 3 lies in 10 min. some are self serving and some are prosocial Intuitive Lie Detection - correct answer subjects judge vids of ppl telling lie or truth, with 24,000 subjects, rate of accuracy is 54% ( about chance), when rehearsed lies, slightly worse -2% but when subject observe both truth and lie, did better about +2%, NO OBVIOUS TELLS fundamental attribution error - correct answer bias to overemphasize personal characteristics and ignore situational factors in judging other behavior::: easier to think someone is guilty rather than think what actually led to false confession Marty Tankleff - correct answerer rested at age 17 for killing his parents; convicted after an being calm during interrogation, 17 years in prison , exonerated from DNA Jeffrey Deskovic - correct answer high school friends strangled, police thought he was too distraught and eager to help, so served 16 years for crime, exonerated from DNA liar's stereotype - correct answer False behavioral indicators of lying. They include crossed legs, shifting and fidgeting, grooming gestures, and avoiding eye contact. 70% believe in these clues NOT TRUE
are humans good at detecting lies - correct answer NAH study with college and police video true and false confessions with evidence - correct answer college students did better, police at chance, with police more likely to believe confession, gets worse with job experience due to confidence and liar's stereotypes Proven False Confessions - correct answer dna evidence needed, dont become public, juveniles, 26/27% wrongful convictions in 80% murder cases why more false confessions with murder cases - correct answer intensity of interrogation, if you really want someone to confess, greater pressure, more biological evidence who is at risk of false confession - correct answer the vulnerable ( youth, inexperienced, naive, submissive, on drugs, low intelligence, sleep derived, terrified, mentally ill, who is most dangerous vulnerability - correct answer youth bv greater suggestibility, impulsiveness, emotional arousal, focus on present rather on future , what percent are given by less than 18 yo - correct answer31% prefrontal cortex and LIMBIC system - correct answer executive function, emotion, behaviors, decision making, slower to develop, no special accommodations by police if younger,//// emotional regulation not developed until 20's Central Park Five - correct answer Five teen boys arrested for battered jogger (trisha miili) who lost memory. Forced to confess to police. Arrested because society labeled them bad, trump said to give them death penalty, interrogated for 14- hours, they had specific confessions, a rapist came forward years later and the teen boys were released and given settlement of 41 million dollars do jurors understand that the youth are more easily influences - correct answer yes
Good Cop/Bad Cop - correct answer bad cop more intimidating, good cop more understanding, might help confession when bad cop leaves interrogation-related regulatory decline - correct answer A breakdown of self- regulation—the ability to control thoughts, emotions, and behaviors in pursuit of goals—as a result of the process of interrogation. critical challenge for suspects - correct answer to maintain focus on long term interest in denying any involvement in a crime, leads to short sightedness of getting out of interrogation room, away from pressure the relief from pressure of interrogation is more important than distant goal of avoiding prosecution - correct answer TRUE illusion of transparency - correct answer innocents think their innocence will be obvious so they are less concerned with making an admission, they think that ppl will recognize their bogus admission once out the room Types of false confessions - correct answer instrumental or internalized and voluntary or coerced instrumental false confession - correct answer offered to achieve some goal. "means to an end." internalized false confessions - correct answer The result of confessor's genuine but false belief that they may have actually committed the crime Coerced false confessions - correct answer produced by intense psychological (and occasionally physical) pressure from interrogators voluntary false confession - correct answer given freely by the confessor Instrumental coerced COMMON - correct answer long intense interrogation; falsely confess to stop interrogation
what type of confession was central park 5 - correct answer instrumental coerced instrumental voluntary false confession - correct answer Occurs when the suspect voluntarily admits to a crime he or she did not commit. The goal might be to achieve notoriety or to protect a friend or family member, take blame What type of confession was henry lee lucas - correct answer instrumental voluntary Henry Lee Lucas - correct answer America's most prolific murderer, given incentives for confession, confessed to killing 60, then 200 then 3000 people internalized-coerced false confession - correct answer result of a long intense interrogation which a suspect becomes convinced, even temporarily, that she or he may have actually committed the crime believe that black out or memories repressed, can create vivid false memories which they did not commit what type of confession was tom sawyer - correct answer internalized coerced Internalized-Voluntary False Confession - correct answer suspect suffers from delusion and confesses with little or no pressure from interrogation, mentally disturbed, drug users, suffers from delusions what type of case was black dahlia and jon bonet ramsey - correct answer internalized voluntary Elizabeth Short - correct answer Black Dahlia, name from movie blue dahlia, she was murdered, highly public case Jon Bonet Ramsey - correct answer strangled, dozens of false confessions Are interrogators allowed to lie during interrogation? - correct answer yes in the US, sometimes work
