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The key concepts and terminology related to quantitative reasoning, including annuities, stocks, bonds, investment considerations, loan types, sampling methods, statistical studies, data types, and correlation. It provides a comprehensive overview of the foundational principles and techniques used in quantitative analysis and financial decision-making. Likely intended as study material or a reference guide for students enrolled in a course or program focused on quantitative reasoning, financial literacy, or related topics. The level of detail and the range of topics covered suggest that this document could be useful for university-level students, particularly those studying business, economics, finance, or mathematics.
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annuity - a series of equal, regular payments ordinary annuity - a savings plan in which payments are made at the end of each month annuity due - a plan in which payments are made at the beginning of each period future value of an annuity - the accumulated amount at some future date present value of a savings plan - a lump sum deposit that would give the same end result as regular payments into the plan total return - the percentage change in the investment value : (A - P) / P x 100% annual return - the annual percentage yield (APY) that would give the same overall growth : (A/P) ^ (1/Y) - 1 stock (or equity) - gives you a share of ownership in a company bond (or debt) - represents a promise of future cash
cash investments - money deposited in accounts what are 3 investment considerations? - liquidity, risk, and return liquidity - how difficult is it to take out your money? risk - is your investment principal at risk? return - how much return (total or annual) can you expect on your investment? what are 2 ways to make money on stocks? - 1 - sell the stock for more than you paid for it - capital gain 2 - make money while you own the stock if the corporation distributes part of all of its profits to stockholders as dividends principal - the amount of money owed at any particular time installment loan (or amortized loan) - a loan that is paid off with equal regular payments loan term - the time you have to pay back the loan in full credit cards differ from installment loans how? - you are not required to pay off your balance in a set period of time
simple random sampling - an example of sampling in which every sample of the same size has an equal chance of being selected - computers are often used systematic sampling - an example of sampling in which every ____th member is selected convenience sampling - an example of sampling that uses results that are readily available stratified sampling - an example of sampling in which the population is split up into at least 2 strata, then examples are drawn from each a statistical study suffers from __________ if its design or conduct tends to favor certain results - bias what are the 2 types of statistical study? - observational and experimental observational study - researchers observe or measure characteristics of the sample members experimental study - researchers apply a treatment to some or all of the sample members and then observe effects control group - group of members who do not receive the treatment being tested placebo -
lacks the active ingredients of a treatment being tested in a study, but is identical in appearance placebo effect - a patient improves simply because they believe they are receiving useful treatment blinding - keeping people in the dark about who's in what group case-control study - a study that resembles an experiment because the sample naturally divides in less than one group cases - participants who engage in a case-control study controls - participants who don't engage in a case-control study relative frequency - the fraction of the data values that fall in that category - frequency in category / total frequency qualitative data - describes qualities or categories quantitative data - represents counts or measurements often useful to group, or BIN, the data into categories that cover a range of possible values correlation - when higher values of one variable consistently go with higher values of another variable