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SESSION: 2025 - 2026
PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
To Investigate the dependence of the angle of deviation on gthe angle of Incidence, using a hollow prism filled one by one with INVESTIGATORY PROJECT Guidelines for preparing the Investigatory Project The Investigatory Project report should be drafted as per the following specifications: ❖ The report should be prepared by using Times New Roman font and font size 12 ❖ (^) For Headings and Sub-headings, the font size can be increased to 16 and 14, respectively. ❖ The line spacing should be 1.5.
❖ The margins must be 1.5 inches for the left-hand side and 1 inch for the remaining 3 sides. ❖ The document must be justified to look clean and equally distributed and readable. ❖ Page boarder should be box and width are 1 pt. ( as per the given pages) Content of Investigatory Project The Investigatory Project Report should include the following series of content. The format for a few initial pages is attached in Annexure. All students must follow the given instructions and formats. ❖ Initial Pages
- Title
- Certificate
- Acknowledgement
- Abstract
- Index For Physics – ➢ Aim of Project ➢ Introduction ➢ Objectives ➢ Apparatus Required ➢ Theory / Law ➢ Circuit Diagram ➢ Procedure
For Physics: Suggested
Investigatory Projects
- To study various factors on which the internal resistance/EMF of a cell depends.
- To study the variations in current flowing in a circuit containing an LDR because of a variation in (a) the power of the incandescent lamp, used to 'illuminate' the LDR (keeping all the lamps at a fixed distance). (b) the distance of a incandescent lamp (of fixed power) used to 'illuminate' the LDR.
- To find the refractive indices of (a) water (b) oil (transparent) using a plane mirror, an equiconvex lens (made from a glass of known refractive index) and an adjustable object needle.
- To investigate the relation between the ratio of (i) output and input voltage and (ii) number of turns in the secondary coil and primary coil of a self-designed transformer.
- To investigate the dependence of the angle of deviation on the angle of incidence using a hollow prism filled one by one, with different transparent fluids.
- To estimate the charge induced on each one of the two identical Styrofoam (or pith) balls suspended in a vertical plane by making use of Coulomb's law.
- To study the factor on which the self- inductance of a coil depends by observing the effect of this coil, when put in series with a resistor/(bulb) in a circuit fed up by an A.C. source of adjustable frequency.
- To study the earth's magnetic field using a compass needle -bar magnet by plotting magnetic field lines and tangent galvanometer.
For Chemistry: Suggested
Investigatory Projects
- Study of the presence of oxalate ions in guava fruit at different stages of ripening.
- Study of quantity of casein present in different samples of milk.
- Preparation of soybean milk and its comparison with the natural milk with respect to curd formation, effect of temperature, etc.
- Study of the effect of Potassium Bisulphate as food preservative under various conditions (temperature, concentration, time, etc.)
K PUBLIC SCHOOL
PHYSICS PROJECT
YEAR: 2024-
A Project Report On “ Topic Name ” Submitted by (Name of the Student’s) Class: XII Roll No.(CBSE): Under the Guidance of Mrs. Pooja M. Deshmukh PGT ( Physics)
YAK PUBLIC SCHOOL
CHEMISTRY PROJECT
YEAR: 2024-
A Project Report On “ Topic Name ” Submitted by (Name of the Student’s) Class: XII Roll No.(CBSE): Under the Guidance of
PGT (Biology) YAK EDUCATION TRUST’S YAK PUBLIC SCHOOL CERTIFICATE This is to certify ( Student’s name), a student of class XII has successfully completed the investigatory project on the topic (topic name) of (Physics/ Chemistry/ Biology), under the guidance if ( subject teacher name). This Project is genuine and does not indulge in plagiarism of any kind. The references in making this project have been declared at the end of the report. Signature of Teacher Signature of Examiner
Signature & Stamp of Head of Department
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to everyone who has contributed to the completion of this project: [project name]. First and foremost, I want to thank my teacher, [Teacher’s Name], for their continuous guidance, encouragement, and expertise. I am grateful for the knowledge and skills I have gained under their mentorship. I want to thank my school principal [Principal’s Name] for giving me this golden opportunity to working on this project.
C E R T I F I C A T E
This is to certify that
Student Name
has successfully completed his/her Physics project
titled
TO INVESTIGATE THE DEPENDENCE OF THE ANGLE OF DEVIATION ON THE ANGLE OF INCIDENCE, USING A HOLLOW PRISM FILLED ONE BY ONE WITH DIFFERENT TRANSPARENT FLUIDS
under the supervision and guidance of
_________________
in the partial fulfillment of the Physics practical
assessment conducted during the academic year
EXTERNAL EXAMINER TEACHER IN CHARGE
__________________ __________________
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my immense gratitude to my Physics
teacher Teacher Name for the help and guidance he/she
provided for completing this project.
I also thank my parents who gave their ideas and inputs in
making this project. Most of all I thank our school
management, for providing us the facilities and opportunity to
do this project.
Lastly, I would like to thanks my classmates who have done
this project along with me. Their support made this project
fruitful.
- Student Name
Bibliography 18
INTRODUCTION A prism is a transparent optical instrument with flat, polished surfaces that refract, reflect, or disperse light. The angles between its surfaces vary depending on the application. While the traditional prism shape is triangular with a triangular base and rectangular sides, some optical prisms have different geometries. Prisms can be made from materials such as optical glass, plastic, and fluorite, chosen based on their transparency to specific wavelengths. Their main function is to disperse light into its spectral colours (the colour of rainbow) due to varying refraction angles for different wavelengths, a principle widely used in spectroscopy. Besides dispersion, prisms are used for internal reflection, as seen in periscopes and binoculars, where they change light direction without significant loss. Some, like Nicol and Wollaston prisms, split light into different polarizations, useful in optical instruments. Prisms play a crucial role in cameras, lasers, scientific instruments, and fiber optics, helping manipulate and direct light efficiently in various applications.
SOME IMPORTANT TERMS
- Refraction: The phenomena of bending of light from its straightline path on the surface of separation of two optical media is known as refraction of lights.
- Refractive Index: It is defined as the ratio of velocity of light in vacuum of that in any medium.
- Angle of Incidence: The angle between the incident ray and the normal.
- Angle of Deviation: The angle between the incident ray and the emergent ray.
- Minimum Angle of Deviation: The angle of incidence where the angle of deviation in a prism is minimum is called the minimum deviation position of the prism and that very deviation angle is known as the minimum angle of deviation denoted by 𝐀𝐀𝐀, 𝐀𝐀, or 𝐀𝐀
- Dispersion: The phenomena of splitting of white light into its constituent colours when light ray passes through a prism.
degree of bending depends on the incident angle and the ratio of the refractive indices of the two media, a relationship described by Snell’s law. The refractive index of many materials, such as glass, varies with wavelength, a phenomenon known as dispersion. This causes different colours of light to refract at different angles, leading to their separation and creating a rainbow-like effect. This property allows a prism to break white light into its constituent spectrum of colours. Unlike diffraction gratings, prisms can disperse light over a wider frequency range without the issue of overlapping spectral orders. Prisms are also used for internal reflection rather than dispersion. If light inside the prism strikes a surface at a sufficiently steep angle, total internal reflection occurs, meaning all the light is reflected instead of refracted. This makes prisms a practical alternative to mirrors in certain optical applications. The refractive index of the liquid Is given by the formula: 𝐀 = 𝐀𝐀^ ^ =^ 𝐀𝐀^ ((𝐀+𝐀)⁄𝐀) 𝐀𝐀 𝐀 𝐀𝐀 (𝐀⁄𝐀) Where, 𝐀 = Refractive Index of the Liquid. 𝐀 = The Angle of Minimum Deviation 𝐀 = Angle of Prism 𝐀 = (^) Angle of Incidence 𝐀 = Angle of Refraction PROCEDURE
- Fix a white sheet of paper on the drawing board with help of drawing pins.
- Keep the prism and mark the outline of it as ABC.
- Drop a normal PQ on the side AB.
- Draw the angle of incidence in accordance with the normal PQ and place 2 pins so that they appear to be in the straight line.
- Place the prism filled with given sample of liquid on the marked outline ABC.
- Now take the pins and place them on the side AC so that all the 4 pins appear to be in same line.
- Remove the prism and draw the line joining the points so obtained.
- Mark the diagram as shown in the figure.
- Repeat this with different liquids and different angle of incidence.
