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ASSIGNMENT 2 FRONT SHEET
Qualification BTEC Level 5 HND Diploma in Computing Unit number and title Computing Fundamental Submission date 9 / 4 Date Received 1st submission Re-submission Date Date Received 2nd submission Student Name TRUONG VAN DIEP Student ID BH Class CF02. 03 Assessor name NGUYEN THANH TRIEU Student declaration I certify that the assignment submission is entirely my own work and I fully understand the consequences of plagiarism. I understand that making a false declaration is a form of malpractice. Student’s signature
❒ Summative Feedback: ❒ Resubmission Feedback: Grade: Assessor Signature: Date: Lecturer Signature:
I. Introduction
Internet is a global communication system that links together thousands of individual networks. It allows exchange of information between two or more computers on a network. Thus internet helps in transfer of messages through mail, chat, video & audio conference, etc. It has become mandatory for day-to-day activities: bills payment, online shopping and surfing, tutoring, working, communicating with peers, etc. Internet was evolved in 1969, under the project called ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) to connect computers at different universities and U.S. defence. Soon after the people from different backgrounds such as engineers, scientists, students and researchers started using the network for exchanging information and messages. In 1990s the internet working of ARPANET, NSFnet and other private networks resulted into Internet. Therefore, Internet is a global network of computer networks’. It comprises of millions of computing devices that carry and transfer volumes of information from one device to the other. Desktop computers, mainframes, GPS units, cell phones, car alarms, video game consoles, are connected to the Net.
II. Content
1. Describes the Internet’s addressing system. Why divide Internet address into classes? a, What is a Internet’s addressing system?
- IP address stands for “Internet Protocol address.” The Internet Protocol is a set of rules for communication over the internet, such as sending mail, streaming video, or connecting to a website. An IP address identifies a network or device on the internet.
- The internet protocols manage the process of assigning each unique device its own IP address. (Internet protocols do other things as well, such as routing internet traffic.) This way, it’s easy to see which devices on the internet are sending, requesting, and receiving what information.
- IP addresses are like telephone numbers, and they serve the same purpose. When you contact someone, your phone number identifies who you are, and it assures the person who answers the phone that you are who you say you are. IP addresses do the exact same thing when you’re online — that’s why
- There are two types of IP addresses: IPv4 and IPv6. It’s easy to recognize the difference if you count the numbers. IPv4 addresses contain a series of four numbers, ranging from 0 (except the first one) to 255, each separated from the next by a period — such as 5.62.42.77.
- IPv6 addresses are represented as eight groups of four hexadecimal digits, with the groups separated by colons. A typical IPv6 address might look like this: 2620:0aba2:0d01:2042:0100:8c4d:d370:72b4. b, The parts of your IP address
- An IP address has two parts: thE network ID , comprising the first three numbers of the address, and host ID , the fourth number in the address. So on your home network — 192.168.1.1, for example – 192.168.1 is the network ID, and the final number is the host ID.
d, Why divide Internet address into classes IP Header Classes: 1
- IP addresses are divided into classes so that they can be assigned to a particular business, government or other entity based on size and need. There are five IP classes plus certain special addresses: o Special addresses: ▪ Default Network - The IP address of 0.0.0.0 is used for the default network. ▪ Loopback - The IP address 127.0.0.1 is used as the loopback address. This is used by the computer to send a message back to itself, usually for troubleshooting and network testing. ▪ Broadcast - Messages intended for all computers on a network are sent as broadcasts. These messages use the IP address 255.255.255.255. o Classes: ▪ Class A - These are reserved for very large networks, like a huge international company. Class A networks account for half of the total
available IP addresses. The first set of numbers in the IP address for this class are 1-126. ▪ Class B - These are reserved for medium sized networks, like a university (𝑎𝑛)𝑚^ = 𝑎𝑛𝑚 ▪ 1 91. ▪ Class C - These are typically used for small businesses. The first set of numbers in the IP address for this class range from 192 to 223. ▪ Class D - These are used for multicasts. A multicast enables a message to be transmitted to a group of hosts, instead of having to address and send the message to each group member individually. ▪ Class E - These are used for experimental purposes.
b, 10101111 (10101111)₂ = (1 × 2⁷) + (0 × 2⁶) + (1 × 2⁵) + (0 × 2⁴) + (1 × 2³) + (1 × 2²) + (1 × 2¹) + (1 × 2⁰) = 128 + 32 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1 = (175)₁₀
c, 11010110 (11010110)₂ = ( + (1 × 2⁶) + (0 × 2⁵) + (1 × 2⁴) + (0 × 2³) + (1 × 2²) + (1 × 2¹) + (0 × 2⁰) = 128 + 64 + 16 + 4 + 2 = (214)₁₀
b, 104
- When 104 is divided by 2, the quotient is 52 and the remainder is 0.
- When 52 is divided by 2, the quotient is 26 and the remainder is 0.
- When 26 is divided by 2, the quotient is 13 and the remainder is 0.
- When 13 is divided by 2, the quotient is 6 and the remainder is 1.
- When 6 is divided by 2, the quotient is 3 and the remainder is 0.
- When 3 is divided by 2, the quotient is 1 and the remainder is 1.
- When 1 is divided by 2, the quotient is 0 and the remainder is 1.
- Write the remainders from bottom to top. (104) 10 = (1101000) 2
c, 210
- When 210 is divided by 2, the quotient is 105 and the remainder is 0.
- When 105 is divided by 2, the quotient is 52 and the remainder is 1.
- When 52 is divided by 2, the quotient is 26 and the remainder is 0.
- When 26 is divided by 2, the quotient is 13 and the remainder is 0.
- When 13 is divided by 2, the quotient is 6 and the remainder is 1.
- When 6 is divided by 2, the quotient is 3 and the remainder is 0.
- When 3 is divided by 2, the quotient is 1 and the remainder is 1.
- When 1 is divided by 2, the quotient is 0 and the remainder is 1.
- Write the remainders from bottom to top. (210) 10 = (11010010) 2
In conclusion, computers have both positive and negative effects on the lives of today's youth. Computers can offer many benefits such as improving education, enhancing entertainment, and increasing connectivity. However, excessive use and the risk of addiction can lead to negative consequences. Hence, it is vital to strike a balance between the use of computers and other activities that promote physical, social, and mental well-being for youth.
III, Conclusion
Network operation quality has been analyzed for Internet Protocol (IP), Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS), and Ethernet technologies. Network operation quality is ensured by implementing network resource and fault management. Resource management allows limits to be fixed regarding packet loss, delay, and jitter. Fault management determines the network’s availability level. The amount of protocols described in this book might suggest that the topic has been comprehensively addressed. A certain lag can be observed, however, between the publication of standards and actual deployment in public or private networks. Fault management constitutes the most straightforward part. It is currently obtained in an implicit manner, through other mechanisms that are necessary to the proper running of a network:
- for IP and MPLS networks: routing protocols allow routing tables to be automatically populated and simultaneously carry out network reconfiguration;
- for Ethernet network: STP and RSTP enable the construction of a logical spanning tree to limit the circulation of frames, and also fulfill the function of securing the network. Attention is currently focused on the network reconfiguration time. The aforementioned solutions do not satisfy public operators, who recall the Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) network’s performance (50 ms reconfiguration time). Such a value may be considered too low, as it generates significant traffic in the network. A value ranging from 200 to ...
