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FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING
2026/2027 ACTUAL QUESTIONS
WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS.
origination of the word "nurse" - ANSWER-from the latin word "nutrix" meaning to nourish Interrelated roles of nurses - ANSWER-communicator, teacher, counselor, leader, researcher, advocate, collaborator coping with disability and death - ANSWER-nurses use optimal function of maximum strengths and potentials, refer to community support systems; provide care to families and patients during end-of-life care, hospice The Nursing Process - ANSWER--one of major guidelines for nursing practice
- helps nurses implement their roles
- integrates art and science of nursing
- allows nurses to use critical thinking and clinical reasoning
- defines the areas of care that are within the domain of nursing
Nurse Practice Acts - ANSWER--define legal scope of nursing practice
- create state board of nursing to make and enforce rules and regulation
- define important terms and activities in nursing, including legal requirements and titles for RNs and LPNs
- established criteria for the education and licensure of nurses 5 vital signs - ANSWER-respirations, pulse rate, blood pressure, temperature, and pain Nursing is recognized as profession based on what criteria - ANSWER--well defined body specific and unique knowledge
- strong service orientation
- recognized authority by a professional group (ANA)
- code of ethics
- professional organization that sets standards
- ongoing research
- autonomy and self-regulation
types of knowledge - ANSWER--science (observing, identifying, describing, investigating, and explaining events and occurences that are perceived in world)
- philosophy (the study of wisdom, fundamental knowledge, and the processes used to develop and construct on perception on life)
- process (a series of actions, changes, or functions intended to bring about a desired result) goals of nursing research - ANSWER--improve care in clinical setting
- study ppl and nurse process: education, policy development, ethics, nursing history
- develop greater autonomy and strength as a profession
- provide evidence-based nursing practice deductive reasoning - ANSWER-examines a general idea and then considers specific actions or ideas inductive reasoning - ANSWER-one builds from specific ideas or actions to conclusions about general ideas
health - ANSWER-a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity illness - ANSWER-the unique response of a person to a disease; an abnormal process involving changed level of functioning wellness - ANSWER-an active state of being healthy by living a lifestyle promoting good physical, mental, and emotional health nursing theory - ANSWER-differentiates nursing from other disciplines and activities in that it serves the purposes of describing, explaining, predicting, and controlling desired outcomes of nursing care practices evidence-based practice (EBP) - ANSWER-a problem-solving approach to making clinical decisions, using the best evidence available; blends both science and art of nursing so best outcomes are achieved; may consist of specific nursing interventions or use guidelines established for the care of patients
stages-of-illness behaviors - ANSWER-Stage 1: experiencing symptoms Stage 2: assuming the sick role Stage 3: assuming a dependent role Stage 4: achieving recovery and rehabilitation primary health promotion - ANSWER-directed towards PROMOTING health and PREVENTING the development of disease processes or injury; example: immunization clinic, family planning services, accident prevention education secondary health promotion - ANSWER-focus on SCREENING for early detection of disease with prompt diagnosis and treatment of any found; example: assessing children for normal growth and development and encourage regular medical, dental and vision exams tertiary health promotion - ANSWER-after an illness is diagnosed and treated; example: teaching a patient with diabetes how to recognize and prevent complications, refer woman to support group after removal of breast due to cancer
maslow hierarchy of needs - ANSWER-provides a framework for nursing assessment and for understanding the needs of patients at all levels; many nursing interventions are aimed at meeting patients' basic human needs Maslows level 1: physiologic needs - ANSWER-oxygen, food, water, sex, rest, physical activity; physiologic needs are highest priority Maslows level 2: safety and security needs - ANSWER-both physical and emotional components; being protected from potential or actual harm Maslows level 3: love and belonging needs - ANSWER-often called higher-level needs; understanding and acceptance of others in both giving and receiving love; feeling of belonging; unmet needs produce loneliness and isolation Maslows level 4: self-esteem needs - ANSWER-need for a person to feel good about oneself, to feel pride and a sense of accomplishment, and to believe that others also respect and appreciate those accomplishments; positive self-esteem facilitates the person's confidence and independence
establishing an effective nurse-patient relationship - ANSWER-- reduce anxiety through therapeutic communication, teaching, and acceptance
- remember that the patient has concerns and needs other medical ones
- communicate with the patient as an individual
- take time to learn about the patient being admitted
- provide for the family participation in all aspects of care when does discharge planning start? - ANSWER-as soon as the patient comes in the door oral temperature for healthy adult - ANSWER-37.0 C, 98.6 F pulse rate for healthy adult - ANSWER- 60 - 100 (80 average) respirations for healthy adult - ANSWER-12 to 20 breaths/min average blood pressure for healthy adult - ANSWER-120/
intermittent fever - ANSWER-temperature returns to normal at least once every 24 hours remittent fever - ANSWER-temperature does not return to normal and fluctuates a few degrees up and down sustained or continuous fever - ANSWER-temp remains above normal with minimal variations relapsing or recurrent fever - ANSWER-temp returns to normal for one or more days with one or more episodes of fever, each as long as several days rectal temp - ANSWER-37.5 C, 99.5 F axillary temp - ANSWER-36.5 C, 97.7 F
- state of health
- environmental temperature pulse is regulated by what? - ANSWER-autonomic nervous system through cardiac sinoatrial node parasympathetic stimulation on pulse - ANSWER-decreases heart rate sympathetic stimulation on pulse - ANSWER-increases heart rate pulse rate - ANSWER-the number of contractions over a peripheral artery in 1 minute places you can record a pulse - ANSWER-temporal, carotid, brachial, radial, femoral, popliteal, posterior tibial, dorsalis pedis
pulmonary ventilation - ANSWER-movement of air in and out of lungs diffusion - ANSWER-exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli of lungs and circulating blood perfusion - ANSWER-exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between circulating blood and tissue cells eupnea - ANSWER-normal, unlabored breathing, one respiration to four heartbeats tachypnea - ANSWER-increased respiratory rate; may occur in response to increased metabolic rate bradypnea - ANSWER-decreased respiratory rate; occurs in some pathologic conditions apnea - ANSWER-periods when no breathing occurs
beta-adrenergic blockers - ANSWER-to block sympathetic stimulation and decrease cardiac output vasodilators and calcium channel blockers - ANSWER-to relax smooth muscles of arterioles and decrease peripheral vascular resistance ACE inhibitors - ANSWER-to prevent vasoconstriction by angiotensin II and decrease circulatory fluid volume by reducing aldosterone production RACE - ANSWER-R: rescue anyone in immediate danger A: activate the fire code and notify appropriate person C: confine the fire by closing doors and windows E: evacuate patients and other people to a safe area jaundice causes - ANSWER-yellowish, itchy skin; bilirubin problem and liver not functioning properly
eczema - ANSWER-red, itchy inflammation of the skin; usually develops in early childhood, more common in people w/ family history; treatment involves avoiding soap and other irritants and applying creams or ointments if prescribed psoriasis - ANSWER-common skin condition that speeds up the life cycle of skin cells, cells build up rapidly on surface of skin and extra skin cells form scales and red patches that are itchy and sometimes painful; chronic, comes and goes wound - ANSWER-a break or disruption in the normal integrity of the skin and tissues intentional wound - ANSWER-the result of planned invasive therapy or treatment ex. surgery, intravenous procedure unintentional wound - ANSWER-are accidental; occur from unexpected trauma open wound - ANSWER-occurs from intentional and unintentional trauma; skin surface is broken, providing a portal of entry for microorganisms
hemostasis - ANSWER-occurs immediately after intial injury, blood vessels constrict and clotting begins, exudate(drainage) forms and causes swelling and pain, increased perfusion results in heat and redness, platelets stimulate other cells to migrate to injury to participate in phases of healing inflammatory phase - ANSWER-follows hemostasis and lasts 4- 6 days, white blood cells move to wound, macrophages enter wound and remain extended time, they ingest debris and release growth factors, pt has generalized body repsonse proliferation phase - ANSWER-begins 2-3 days of injury and may last up to 2-3 weeks, new tissue is built to fill wound space through action of fibroblasts, capillaries grow across wound, thin layer of epithelial cells form across wound, granulation tissue forms a foundation for scar tissue to develop maturation phase - ANSWER-final stage of healing, begins 3 weeks to 6 months after injury, collagen remodeled, new collagen tissue is deposited, scar becomes thin white line
desiccation - ANSWER-dehydration maceration - ANSWER-overhydration trauma - ANSWER-physical injury edema - ANSWER-swelling caused by excess fluid trapped in your body's tissues necrosis - ANSWER-death of tissue wound complications - ANSWER--infection
- hemorrhage
- dehiscence(wound separates) and evisceration(protrusion)
- fistula formation Dehiscence - ANSWER-Bursting open of a wound, especially a surgical abdominal wound
