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🧠🧠Families Sociologists Table
Sociologist Perspective Key Ideas / What They’re Known For Dennis Marsden Functionalist / Family Studies Studied working-class family life and inequalities in domestic labour Elizabeth Bott Functionalist Segregated vs joint conjugal roles Robert Bell Functionalist Privatised nuclear family and social isolation Robert Chester Neo-Functionalist Neo-conventional family still dominant despite diversity Charles Murray New Right Underclass theory; lone parents weaken society David Morgan Postmodern Family practices; family is what people “do” Carol Smart Personal Life Perspective Friends/pets can be meaningful family ties Kath Weston Feminist / Postmodern Chosen families among LGBTQ+ communities Jeffrey Weeks Postmodern Sexual diversity and changing intimacy Brian Heaphy Postmodern Family diversity and same- sex parenting Judith Butler Feminist / Queer Gender is socially
Theory performed bell hooks Intersectional Feminist Race + class + gender inequality together Patricia Hill Collins Black Feminist Intersectionality within family structures Mirra Komarovsky Feminist Role conflict in working- class families Jan Pahl Feminist Financial control = power in relationships Arlie Hochschild Feminist Triple shift and emotional labour Miriam Glucksmann Feminist Triple burden of women Gillian Dunne Feminist Equality in lesbian households Edna Bonacich Marxist / Ethnicity Ethnicity and labour market inequality Louis Althusser Marxist Ideological State Apparatus Antonio Gramsci Marxist Hegemony and ideological control Fran Ansley Feminist Women absorb male anger from capitalism Diana Gittins Feminist Childhood shaped by patriarchy Philippe Ariès Social Historian Childhood is socially constructed Simon Duncan Family Studies Young parenthood not always negative
Paul Willis Marxist Counter-school culture, “lads” reject school and enter working- class jobs Basil Bernstein Functionalist / Education Studies Restricted and elaborated speech codes Barry Sugarman Cultural Deprivation Theory Fatalism, collectivism and immediate gratification affect achievement Douglas Halsey Education Inequality Class-based inequalities in education Stephen Ball Interactionist Teacher expectations, parental choice and marketisation Howard Becker Interactionist Labelling and the “ideal pupil” Rosenthal and Jacobson Interactionist Self-fulfilling prophecy in classrooms David Hargreaves Interactionist Streaming creates anti-school subcultures Nell Keddie Interactionist Cultural deprivation blames victims unfairly Sue Sharpe Feminist Girls’ ambitions changed from marriage to careers Mitsos and Browne Feminist Girls outperform boys due to changing aspirations Becky Francis Feminist Boys may reject school work to appear masculine Tony Sewell Education & Ethnicity Peer pressure and street culture affect achievement David Gillborn Feminist / Critical Institutional racism in schools
Race Theory Heidi Safia Mirza Feminist Ethnic minority girls can resist negative labels Cecile Wright Interactionist / Ethnicity Teachers treat ethnic minority pupils differently Jo Boaler Education Studies Setting and streaming affect confidence and achievement Diane Reay Feminist Working-class students experience educational inequality Michael Apple Neo-Marxist Hidden curriculum benefits capitalism Ivan Illich Deschooling Schools reproduce inequality; education should be informal Paulo Freire Critical Pedagogy Education should empower students rather than control them Jean Anyon Marxist Different schools prepare classes for different futures Dennis Wrong Interactionist Critique Criticised functionalist view of passive individuals Patricia Hill Collins Feminist Race, gender and class intersect in education inequality
🧠🧠 Crime & Deviance Sociologists Table
Sociologist Perspective Key Ideas / What They’re Known For Émile Durkheim Functionalist Crime is inevitable and strengthens social solidarity
Aaron Cicourel Interactionist Justice system biased through negotiation Pat Carlen Feminist Class and gender affect female crime Frances Heidensohn Feminist Women controlled through patriarchal social control Carol Smart Feminist Criminology ignores women’s experiences Freda Adler Feminist Women’s liberation increases female crime Meda Chesney- Lind Feminist Female offending linked to abuse and inequality David Matza Subcultural / Interactionist Young people drift in and out of deviance Travis Hirschi Control Theory Strong social bonds reduce crime James Q. Wilson Right Realist Broken windows theory and zero tolerance Charles Murray New Right Underclass and family breakdown linked to crime Richard Herrnstein New Right Intelligence linked to criminality Left Realists Left Realism Crime caused by deprivation and marginalisation Jock Young Left Realist Relative deprivation linked to crime John Lea & Roger Matthews Left Realist Relative deprivation, marginalisation and subculture Phil Cohen Marxist / Subcultural Youth subcultures respond to class frustration
Dick Hebdige Neo-Marxist Style and resistance in youth subcultures Michel Foucault Postmodern Surveillance and disciplinary power Ulrich Beck Postmodern Risk society changes fear of crime Jean Baudrillard Postmodern Media blurs reality of crime Paul Gilroy Neo-Marxist Crime statistics reflect policing bias David Gillborn Critical Race Theory Institutional racism in policing Stuart Hall Neo-Marxist “Mugging” moral panic and racism in media
