Basketball Refereeing: Terminology and Rules for Elite Basketball Officiating, Lecture notes of Communication

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basketball refereeing

general & BASIC BASKETBALL OFFICIATING TERMINOLOGY

This is part of "FRIP Level 1 Home-Study Book"

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R1.1.! BASKETBALL!OFFICIATING!

Generally,!sports!officiating!is!challenging!and!more!so!in!the!game!of!basketball!–!especially!where!ten!athletic!players!are!moving!fast!in!a!restricted!

area.!Naturally!the!game!has!changed!and!the!court!has!actually!become!larger,!not!in!actual!court!size!but!in!the!playing!and!refereeing!sense.!Play! situations!are!spread!all!over!the!court!with!every!player!able!to!play!in!almost!every!position.!Naturally!this!sets!a!new!requirement!for!basketball!

refereeing.!It!is!good!to!remember!that!improving!daily!should!not!be!considered!as!actual!progress!but!rather!is!only!designed!to!keep!pace!with!the! game’s!development!–!this!is!called!evolution!and!this!will!occur!regardless!if!we!want!it!or!not.!!

Sometimes!there!is!a!tendency!to!define!basketball!officiating!as!a!very!complex!combination!of!various!skills.!It!is!true!it!requires!many!abilities!by!the!

referee,!but!the!bottom!line!is!that!all!these!skills!aim!to!achieve!one!thing!P!being!ready!to!referee!the!play!or!handle!situations!that!may!arise!during! the!game.!All!the!training!should!focus!on!game!preparation!to!assist!referees!to!address!various!situations!in!games.!

!

Refereeing!is:! Anticipate)what)will)happen)—)Active)mind 1 set) Understand)what)is)happening)—)Basketball)knowledge) React)properly)for)what)has)happened)—)Mental)Image)Training) !

R1.2.! IMAGE!OF!AN!ELITE!BASKETBALL!REFEREE!

FIBA!has!one!golden!rule!when!it!comes!to!prioritising!for!referee!training!for!FIBA!games!P!Game!Control.!That!is!ensuring!a!smooth!running!and!

dynamic!game!where!players!are!able!to!showcase!their!basketball!skills.!This!is!the!image!FIBA!is!looking!for.!The!two!or!three!appointed!referees!are! the!ones!who!are!responsible!for!this!game!control.!

It!is!good!to!define!and!remember!that!game!control!is!different!to!game!management.!Ultimately,!it!is!the!Referees!that!are!in!charge!of!the!game.! They!define!what!is!allowed!and!what!is!not!–!nobody!else.!

Having!said!that,!it!is!equally!important!that!referees!look!and!act!like!they!are!in!charge.!Referees!should!give!a!nonPverbal!message!that!they!are! ready!and!able!to!make!decisions.!The!core!function!of!refereeing!is!decision!making.!Referees!need!to!feel!comfortable!in!making!decisions!without!

hesitation!in!the!decision!making!process.!Of!course,!the!correctness!of!these!decisions!can!be!analysed!after!the!event!and!so!referees!must! demonstrate!confidence!and!trust!or!at!the!very!least!present!so!that!others!view!them!this!way!(perception).!

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Therefore,!FIBA!has!added!the!topic!of!“court!presence”!to!its!training!program.!It!includes!mental!training!with!an!“I!am!in!charge”!concept.!This!will! be!combined!with!a!physical!training!plan!to!create!an!image!of!a!strong!and!athletic!body,!fitting!into!the!image!of!professionalism!and!promoting!

game!control.! )“Controlling)is)an)attitude”)

R1.3.! BASIC!BASKETBALL!OFFICIATING!TERMINOLOGY!! ! TERM ABBR Explanation

45°!(Forty!five!degrees)! 45°! This!refers!to!the!preferred!angle!of!the!referees'!stance,!especially!in!Lead!and!Trail!positions!and!in!some! cases!by!Center!as!well.!Referees!in!L!and!T!position!will!normally!face!the!basket!and!maintain!a!45°!angle!in! order!to!keep!in!his!field!of!vision!as!many!players!as!possible.!The!Center!referee's!basic!stance!is!generally! flat!with!his!back!to!the!sideline,!but!he!will!normally!adjust!position!to!aproximately!45°!during!weak!side! drives.!

Act!of!Shooting! AOS! A!shot!for!a!field!goal!or!a!free!throw!is!when!the!ball!is!held!in!a!player’s!hand(s)!and!is!then!thrown!into!the! air!towards!the!opponents'!basket.!A!tap!and!a!dunk!are!also!considered!as!shots!for!a!field!goal.!

Action!Area! AA! Action!Area!may!involve!players!with!or!without!the!ball.!Knowledge!on!various!play!situations!(pick!&!roll,! screening,!postPups,!rebounding)!will!help!referees!identify!Action!Areas!in!their!primary,!or!when!extending!or! expanding!coverage.!

Active!Mindset! AMI! Refereeing!is!nothing!but!being!ready.!Good!referees!are!constatly!analysing!the!momements!and!actions!of! the!players!in!order!to!be!in!position!to!see!something!illegal.!Look!for!reasons!to!call!(illegal).!

Active!Referee! AR! The!referee!who!hands!the!ball!to!a!foul!shooter!or!player!for!a!throwPin,!or!to!administer!the!jump!ball!to! start!the!game.!

Alternating!Possession! AP! Alternating!possession!is!a!method!of!causing!the!ball!to!become!live!with!a!throwPin!rather!than!a!jump!ball.!

Alternating!Possession! Arrow!

APA! The!team!entitled!to!the!alternating!possession!throwPin!shall!be!indicated!by!the!alternating!possession!arrow! in!the!direction!of!the!opponents’!basket.!The!direction!of!the!alternating!possession!arrow!will!be!reversed! immediately!when!the!alternating!possession!throwPin!ends.!

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Basket!Interference! BI! "Basket!interference!occurs!when:! •!After!a!shot!for!a!field!goal!or!the!last!or!only!free!throw!a!player!touches!the!basket!or!the!backboard!while! the!ball!is!in!contact!with!the!ring.! •!After!a!free!throw!followed!by!an!additional!free!throw(s),!a!player!touches!the!ball,!the!basket!or!the! backboard!while!there!is!still!a!possibility!that!the!ball!will!enter!the!basket.! •!A!player!reaches!through!the!basket!from!below!and!touches!the!ball.! •!A!defensive!player!touches!the!ball!or!the!basket!while!the!ball!is!within!the!basket,!thus!preventing!the!ball! from!passing!through!the!basket.! •!A!player!causes!the!basket!to!vibrate!or!grasps!the!basket!in!such!a!way!that,!in!the!judgement!of!an!official,! the!ball!has!been!prevented!from!entering!the!basket!or!has!been!caused!to!enter!the!basket.! •!A!player!grasps!the!basket!to!play!the!ball."!

Bench!Control! N/A! Referees!ensuring!that!the!players!and!coaches!sitting!on!the!bench!do!not!violate!the!rules!of!sportsmanship.!

Blocking! BL! Blocking!is!illegal!personal!contact!which!impedes!the!progress!of!an!opponent!with!or!without!the!ball.!

Bonus! N/A! When!two!free!throws!are!granted!to!a!player!when!they!have!been!fouled!and!their!opponent's!team!has! reached!the!limit!of!four!team!fouls!in!a!period.!

Boundary!Lines! N/A! The!playing!court!shall!be!limited!by!the!boundary!line,!consisting!of!the!endlines!and!the!sidelines.!These!lines! are!not!part!of!the!playing!court..!

Buzzer! N/A! Signal!from!the!scores!table!used!to!indicate!substitutes,!time!outs,!disqualifications.!And!end!of!playing! periods,!or!may!be!used!by!table!officials!to!summon!a!referee!to!confer!in!the!case!of!a!misunderstood!ruling.!

Cancel!the!Score!(basket)! N/A! A!referee!signals!that!a!basket!which!has!been!made!is!to!be!discounted!i.e.!when!a!player!charges!as!he!is! shooting!with!contact!occurring!before!the!ball!leaves!his!hand!–!the!referee!cancels!the!score!indicating!to!the! scorer's!table!that!the!basket!does!not!count.!

Centre!Line! N/A! The!line!designating!the!halfway!mark!of!the!court.!

Charge!(Charging)! CH! Charging!is!illegal!personal!contact,!with!or!without!the!ball,!by!pushing!or!moving!into!an!opponent’s!torso.!

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Close!Down! CD! The!position!of!the!Lead!where!he!should!move!before!actual!rotation!starts.!

Closed!Angle! CA! A!stacked!or!straightPlined!view!of!the!action!area!in!a!referee’s!primary!/!secondary!coverage!area.!

Commissioner! COM! The!commissioner!shall!sit!between!the!scorer!and!the!timer.!His!primary!duty!during!the!game!is!to!supervise! the!work!of!the!table!officials!and!to!assist!the!referee!and!umpire(s)!in!the!smooth!functioning!of!the!game.!

Consistency! N/A! A!referee!who!interprets!play!situations!and!criteria!exactly!the!same!way!throughout!is!said!to!be!consistent.!

Contact!Foul! N/A! A!personal!foul!resulting!from!a!player!illegally!touching!another!player!and!putting!him!at!a!disadvantage.!

Control!of!the!Ball! COB! A!team!is!said!to!be!in!control!of!the!ball!when!a!player!of!that!team!first!has!the!ball!in!their!possession! inbounds!or!when!the!ball!is!placed!at!their!disposal!for!a!throwPin.!It!extends!until!the!time!a!shot!is!taken,!a! whistle!blows,!or!a!player!from!the!opposition!side!gains!control.!A!player!is!in!control!of!the!ball!when!they! are!holding!a!live!ball!in!their!hands!or!dribbling!it,!or!when!the!ball!is!at!their!disposal!for!a!throwPin!or!a!free! throw.!

Correctable!Errors! CE! "Officials!may!correct!an!error!if!a!rule!is!inadvertently!disregarded!in!the!following!situations!only:! •!Awarding!an!unmerited!free!throw(s).! •!Failure!to!award!a!merited!free!throw(s).! •!Erroneous!awarding!or!cancelling!of!a!point(s).! •!Permitting!the!wrong!player!to!attempt!a!free!throw(s)."!

Coverage! CG! The!vision!on!the!game!of!the!two!referees;!good!coverage!means!that!the!referees!between!them!have!all! players!in!sight!both!on!and!off!the!ball.!

Cross!Step! CS! When!play!starts!to!progress!in!one!direction!and!designated!referee!takes!steps!in!the!opposite!direction.!This! adjustment!can!be!done!in!all!positions!as!Lead,!Trail!&!Center.!

Cylinder!(Principle)! CP! The!imaginary!vertical!extension!of!a!player.!Players!are!entitled!to!occupy!a!spot!on!the!floor!and!also!the! cylinder!above!them!(i.e.!they!can!jump!straight!up!without!giving!up!position).!

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Elbowing! ELW! Any!hit!or!contact!made!with!the!elbow!that!imply!a!foul.!Also!P!An!action!of!excessive!swinging!of!elbows!by! and!offensive!player!with!the!ball!(without!contact).!

EOG! EOG! End!of!the!Game!

EOP! EOP! End!of!the!Period!

Extended!Coverage! EXCE! At!the!highest!level!of!officiating,!an!official!has!to!be!able!to!extend!coverage!on!two!different!play!situations! at!the!same!time!

Fantasy!Call!(Phantom! Call)!

FAC! Describes!the!situation!when!a!referee!makes!a!call!for!foul!and!actually!there!was!not!even!contact!on!the! play!(problem!with!selfPdiscipline!/!"I!don't!see,!I!don't!call").!This!is!different!than!Marginal!Contact!that!is! incorrectly!called!as!a!foul!(problem!with!criteria).!

Fast!Break! FB! A!quick!change!of!the!direction!of!the!ball!as!the!defensive!team!gains!possession!of!the!ball!through!a!steal,! rebound,!violation!or!made!shot!and!quickly!attacks!to!the!other!end!of!the!court!hoping!to!gain!numerical!or! positional!advantage!over!the!other!team!and!a!resultant!high!percentage!shot.!

Feel!for!the!Game! N/A! The!referee’s!ability!to!be!sense!what’s!going!on!the!court:!are!tempers!getting!high;!is!the!pace!fast;!is!there! too!much!contact!occurring,!etc.?!A!referee!with!a!good!feel!for!the!game!is!in!the!best!position!to!maintain! game!control.!

Fighting! FGT! Fighting!is!physical!interaction!between!2!or!more!opponents!(players!and/or!team!bench!personnel).!

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Five!(5)!Fouls! 5F! A!player!who!has!committed!5!fouls!shall!be!informed!by!an!official!and!must!leave!the!game!immediately.!He! must!be!substituted!within!30!seconds.!

Five!(5)!Seconds! Violation!

5S! Once!a!player!has!the!ball!at!his!disposal!for!a!throwPin!or!a!foul!shot!he!has!five!seconds!in!which!to!release! the!ball.!Also!when!a!closely!guarded!player!is!in!control!of!the!ball,!he!has!five!seconds!to!pass,!shoot!or! dribble!P!not!to!do!so!is!a!violation.!A!closely!guarded!player!who!is!dribbling!is!not!subject!to!a!five!second! count.!

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Flagrant!Foul! FF! May!be!a!personal!or!technical!foul.!It!is!always!unsportsmanlike!and!may!or!may!not!be!intentional.!If! personal,!it!involves!violent!or!savage!contact,!such!as!striking!with!the!fist!or!elbow,!kicking,!kneeing,!or! running!under!a!player!who!is!in!the!air,!or!crouching!or!hipping!in!a!manner!which!might!cause!severe!injury! to!an!opponent.!If!it!is!a!nonPcontact!foul,!it!involves!extreme!and!sometimes!persistent!vulgar!and/or!abusive! conduct.!

Flop!(Refereeing)! FL! Any!fake,!pretend,!or!exaggerated!action!by!a!player!with/without!the!ball!P!e.g.!falling!backwards,!falling! down,!throwing!the!head,!etc.!P!simulating!contact!by!an!opponent!in!an!unnatural!manner!without!actually! being!touched,!or!being!contacted!in!only!a!marginal!way.!

Foot!(Kick)!Violation! FVI! "A!player!shall!not!run!with!the!ball,!deliberately!kick!or!block!it!with!any!part!of!the!leg!or!strike!it!with!the! fist.! However,!to!accidentally!come!into!contact!with!or!touch!the!ball!with!any!part!of!the!leg!is!not!a!violation.! (Deliberate!Foot!Ball)"!

Foul! N/A! A!foul!is!an!infraction!of!the!rules!concerning!illegal!personal!contact!with!an!opponent!and/or! unsportsmanlike!behaviour.!

Foul!Lane! N/A! The!restricted!area!at!both!ends!of!the!court!circumscribed!by!the!foul!line,!foul!lanes!and!baselines.!Also! called!the!“key”!or!"paint".!

Foul!on!no!Act!of! Shooting!

FNAOS! When!a!player!is!illegally!contacted!by!the!defence!and!foul!is!called,!but!not!AOS.!

Fouled!in!the!Act!of! Shooting!(AOS)!

FAOS! When!a!player!is!illegally!contacted!by!the!defence!when!attempting!a!shot.!

Free!Throw!Line! Extended!

FTEX! This!imaginary!line!represents!the!extension!of!the!free!throw!line!across!the!width!of!the!court.!Most!coaches! use!it!to!establish!defensive!coaching!guidelines.!When!the!ball!is!above!the!free!throw!line!extended!a!certain! guideline!applies.!When!the!ball!is!below!it!another!guideline!applies.!It!is!also!used!as!a!reference!for! offensive!player!alignment.!FTEX!is!also!a!setPup!(basic)!position!for!the!Center!referee!on!the!court.!

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Goaltending! GT! "Goaltending!occurs!during!a!shot!for!a!field!goal!when!a!player!touches!the!ball!while!it!is!completely!above! the!level!of!the!ring!and:! •!It!is!on!its!downward!flight!to!the!basket,!or! •!After!it!has!touched!the!backboard."!

Hand!Checking! HC! "Hand!Checking!/!Illegal!use!of!the!hand(s)!or!extended!arm(s)!occurs!when!the!defensive!player!is!in!a! guarding!position!and!his!hand(s)!or!arm(s)!is!placed!upon!and!remains!in!contact!with!an!opponent!with!or! without!the!ball,!to!impede!his!progress."!

Held!Ball! HB! A!held!ball!occurs!when!one!or!more!players!from!opposing!teams!have!one!or!both!hands!firmly!on!the!ball!so! that!neither!player!can!gain!control!without!undue!roughness.!

Holding! HOL! Holding!is!illegal!personal!contact!with!an!opponent!that!interferes!with!his!freedom!of!movement.!This! contact!(holding)!can!occur!with!any!part!of!the!body.!

Hooking! HOK! When!an!offensive!player!"hooks"!or!wraps!an!arm!or!an!elbow!around!a!defensive!player!in!order!to!prevent! the!defender!from!playing!legal!defence.!

Illegal!Dribble! IDR! A!violation!made!by!the!dribbler!either!carrying!the!ball!or!making!a!double!dribble.!

Illegal!Use!of!Hands! IUH! Illegally!using!the!hands!to!impede!the!progress!of!an!opposition!player.!Normally!this!foul!is!made!on!a! dribbler!and!entails!the!defence!hacking!the!arms!of!the!dribbler!in!an!attempt!to!bat!the!ball!away.!

Image!of!the!Referee! IOR! How!the!referee!is!perceived!by!others.!For!example,!if!the!referee!is!sloppy!looking,!the!image!they!create! may!bias!players!and!coaches!to!expect!they!will!referee!sloppily.!A!top!referee's!image!is!"Strong,!Decisive!&! Approachable".!

Individual!Officiating! Techniques!!

IOT! The!technical!aspects!of!individual!refereeing!how!to!referee!the!play!using!proper!techniques!such!as! Distance!&!Stationary,!Refereeing!the!Defence,!Active!Mindset,!"Staying!with!the!play",!Adjustment!to! maintain!Open!Angle,!etc.!

Infraction! N/A! Literally!any!infraction!is!a!contravention!of!the!rules.!e.g.!fouls!(technical!and!contact)!and!violations.! However,!normally!infractions!refer!to!just!violations!(i.e.!three!seconds,!travelling!etc.).!

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InsidePOut!(Angle)! INPO! This!generally!refers!to!the!Lead!referee!who!may!not!be!on!the!edge!of!the!play!and!instead!is!looking!from! the!InsidePOut,!instead!of!refereeing!at!a!45!degree!angle!with!as!many!players!as!possible!within!his!field!of! vision.!

Instant!Replay!System! IRS! Refers!to!a!video!replay!system!what!is!possible!to!use!in!designated!play!situations.!The!IRS!review!will!be! conducted!by!the!officials.!If!the!call!and!the!decision!of!the!officials!is!subject!to!the!IRS!review,!that!initial! decision!must!be!shown!by!the!officials!on!the!playing!court.!Following!the!IRS!review!the!initial!decision!of!the! official(s)!can!be!corrected!only!if!the!IRS!review!provides!the!officials!with!clear!and!conclusive!visual!evidence! for!the!correction.!

Interpretation!of!the! Rules!

N/A! Good!refereeing!requires!that!an!official!not!apply!the!rules!literally!(i.e.!contact!is!not!allowed),!but!rather,! judge!each!situation!in!regards!to!its!effect!on!the!play,!i.e.!interpreting!the!rules!by!their!spirit!and!intention.!

Interval!(of!Play)! IOP! "There!shall!be!an!interval!of!play!of!20!minutes!before!the!game!is!scheduled!to!begin.! There!shall!be!intervals!of!play!of!2!minutes!between!the!first!and!second!period!(first!half),!between!the!third! and!fourth!period!(second!half)!and!before!each!extra!period.! There!shall!be!a!halfPtime!interval!of!play!of!15!minutes.! During!an!interval!of!play,!all!team!members!entitled!to!play!are!considered!as!players."!

Jab!(handPchecking)! JAB! To!repeatedly!touch!or!'jab'!an!opponent!with!or!without!the!ball!is!a!foul,!as!it!may!lead!to!rough!play.!

Judgement! N/A! The!ability!of!a!referee!to!look!at!each!situation!as!it!arises!and!make!a!decision!based!on!its!effect!or!nonP effect!on!play!and!to!act!accordingly.!

Jump!Ball!(Situation)! JB! A!jump!ball!occurs!when!an!official!tosses!the!ball!in!the!centre!circle!between!any!2!opponents!at!the! beginning!of!the!first!period.!Can!also!refer!to!a!"jump!ball!situation."!

Last!Shot! LS! Refers!to!the!play!when!team!has!a!new!control!of!the!ball!and!the!game!clock!shows!24.0!seconds!or!less,! meaning!it!is!possible!that!period!will!end!with!that!team!possession.!

Lead!(Referee)! L! The!Lead!(2PO/3PO)!is!the!referee!who!leads!the!play!up!the!court!and!whose!responsibility!includes!coverage! along!the!baseline!at!the!attacking!end!of!the!court.!

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Offensive!End! N/A! The!end!of!the!court!to!which!a!team!attacks!and!attempts!to!score!a!basket!(their!front!court).!

Official!Basketball!Rules! Interpretations!(OBRI)!

OBRI! A!document!that!FIBA!publishes,!which!includes!all!official!interpretations!defined!by!FIBA.!

Official(s)! N/A! The!officials!shall!be!a!referee!and!1!or!2!umpire(s).!They!shall!be!assisted!by!the!table!officials!and!by!a! commissioner,!if!present.!

Officials'!Signals! N/A! "The!hand!signals!officials!use!to!communicate!their!decisions!and!reporting!fouls!to!the!scorer's!table.!! While!reporting!to!the!scorer’s!table!referees!will!verbally!support!the!communication!(in!international!games! in!the!English!language)."!

Open!Angle! OA! Clear!view!of!the!action!in!a!referee’s!primary!/!secondary!coverage!area.!Never!leave!an!open!look.!

Opposite!Side! OPS! This!refers!to!the!side!of!the!playing!court!which!is!furthest!away!from!the!scorer's!table.!

OutPofPBounds! OOB! That!area!outside!of!the!playing!court!–!radiating!out!from!and!including!the!boundary!lines!of!the!court.!

OutsidePIn!(Angle)! OPIN! The!preferred!position!of!the!Lead!referee!who!is!standing!at!a!45!degree!angle!and!has!as!many!players!as! possible!within!his!field!of!vision.!

Palming!(the!ball)! PLM! See:!carrying!the!ball.!

Pass! N/A! A!method!of!moving!the!ball!by!throwing!it!from!one!offensive!player!to!another.!

PassPOff! POFF! A!situation!where!a!player!has!started!his!AOS!and!a!foul!is!called,!but!he!discontinues!his!shooting!motion!and! ends!up!passing!to!his!teammate.!This!is!considered!a!regular!and!not!AOS!foul.!

Passive!Referee! PAR! The!referee!who!is!not!administrating!free!throw!or!a!throwPin,!or!to!not!tossing!the!ball!during!the!jump!ball! in!the!start!of!the!game.!

Patienced!Whistle! PW! When!referee!is!capable!to!process!the!entire!play!(start/middle/end)!before!making!a!call.!

Peripheral!Vision! PV! To!see!widely!to!either!side!while!looking!straight!ahead.!

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Personal!Foul! PF! A!personal!foul!is!a!player’s!illegal!contact!with!an!opponent,!whether!the!ball!is!live!or!dead.!

Phantom!Call!(Fantasy! Call)!

FAC! Describes!the!situation!when!a!referee!makes!a!call!for!foul!and!actually!there!was!not!even!contact!on!the! play!(problem!with!selfPdiscipline!/!"I!don't!see,!I!don't!call").!This!is!different!than!Marginal!Contact!that!is! incorrectly!called!as!a!foul!(problem!with!criteria).!

Pick! SC! An!offensive!screen.!

Pivot!Foot! PFO! When!a!player!is!in!possession!of!the!ball!and!is!not!dribbling!they!are!allowed!to!rotate!around!one!foot! providing!that!foot!remains!on!the!same!spot!on!the!floor!–!thus!a!pivot!foot.!

Player! N/A! During!playing!time,!a!team!member!is!a!player!when!he!is!on!the!playing!court!and!is!entitled!to!play.!

PrePGame!Conference! PGC! Before!the!start!of!important!contests!it!is!necessary!for!the!referees!to!meet!together!to!familiarise! themselves!and!talk!about!their!working!mechanics!and!preparations!for!the!game.!

!!!

PrePGame!Routines! N/A! The!routine!the!referees!go!through!prior!to!the!actual!commencement!of!the!game.!This!includes!checking! the!scoresheet,!making!sure!the!timer!understands!the!timing!regulations!of!that!particular!contest,!etc.!

Preventative!Officiating! PRO! Refers!to!actions!by!officials!who!prevent!problems!from!occurring!by!communicating!with!players!and/or! coaches.!It!can!happen!during!live!ball!(post,!perimeter!play)!as!well!as!during!dead!ball.!

Primary!(Coverage)! PCE! Area!of!responsibility!and!actions!that!referee!has!to!be!able!to!cover!always.!

PushPOff! PO! When!an!offensive!player!'pushes!off'!to!prevent!the!defensive!player!from!playing!or!attempting!to!play!the! ball,!or!to!create!more!space!for!himself.!

Pushing! PU! Pushing!is!illegal!personal!contact!with!any!part!of!the!body!where!a!player!forcibly!moves!or!attempts!to! move!an!opponent!with!or!without!the!ball.!

Quick!Whistle! QW! When!referee!is!not!capable!to!process!the!entire!play!before!making!a!call.!Sometimes!quick!whistles!lead!to! unnecessary!calls.!

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Score! FG! To!make!a!basket!or!foul!shot.!It!can!also!refer!to!the!point!totals!of!both!teams!–!as!in!the!score!of!the!game! was!50!to!47.!

Scorer! SR! The!scorer!shall!keep!a!record!of!the!scoresheet!according!to!the!basketball!rules.!

Scoresheet! SS! The!official!record!of!the!game!details,!which!is!kept!throughout!the!game.!The!scoresheet!records!a!running! tally!of!the!team!and!individual!scores!and!fouls.!

Screening! SC! Screening!is!an!attempt!to!delay!or!prevent!an!opponent!without!the!ball!from!reaching!a!desired!position!on! the!playing!court.!

Secondary!(Coverage)! SCE! Area!of!responsibility!and!actions!that!referee!is!able!to!cover!after!ensuring!that!primary!coverage!is!covered.!

SelfPEvaluation! SEF! The!process!of!evaluation!of!your!own!performance.!

Selling!the!Call! STC! Placing!emphasis!on!a!call!with!louder!voice!and!whistle!and!slightly!more!demonstrative!signals.!It!should! happen!only!in!close!calls!in!order!to!help!the!call!gain!acceptance.!

SemiPCircle!(NoPCharge)! NCSC! The!noPcharge!semiPcircle!areas!are!drawn!on!the!playing!court!for!the!purpose!of!designating!a!specific!area! for!the!interpretation!of!charge/block!situations!under!the!basket.!The!noPcharge!semiPcircle!lines!are!part!of! the!noPcharge!semiPcircle!areas.!

Shot!Clock!Operator! SCO! The!shot!clock!operator!shall!be!controlling!the!shot!clock!according!to!the!basketball!rules.!

Shot!Clock!Violation! SCV! Once!a!team!has!gained!possession!of!the!live!ball!on!the!court!it!is!required!to!attempt!a!shot!within!24/14! seconds.!Not!to!do!so!is!a!violation.!

Sidelines! N/A! The!boundary!line!inscribing!a!side!of!the!playing!court!area.!

Signals! N/A! The!official!communications!as!described!in!the!rule!book!by!which!the!referees!explain!their!decisions!to!the! players!and!score!table.!

Signals!(communication! among!the!crew)!

N/A! Subtle!gesturers!made!by!one!official!to!the!other!to!help!with!game!maintenance!and!teamwork!–!such!as! enquiring!of!the!other!official!if!they!saw!who!last!touched!the!ball!before!it!went!out!of!bounds.!

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Special!Situations! SPS! In!the!same!stoppedPclock!period!that!follows!an!infraction,!special!situations!may!arise!when!additional! foul(s)!are!committed.!

Spirit!and!Intent!of!the! Rules!

N/A! The!rules!were!not!written!to!be!interpreted!literally,!but!rather,!to!stop!players!from!gaining!an!advantage!by! using!illegal!methods.!Thus,!not!all!contact!is!a!foul!P!only!contact!which!causes!a!player!to!be!disadvantaged! by!the!initiator!of!that!contact.!Thus,!each!incident!needs!to!be!judged!by!the!effect!it!has!on!the!game!and!not! in!complete!isolation.!A!flexible!interpretation!of!the!rules!is!what!is!necessary;!calling!the!game!by!the!“spirit! and!intent”!of!the!rules.!

Starting!Five! SF! The!coach!shall!indicate!at!least!10!minutes!before!the!game!the!5!players!who!are!to!start!the!game.!

Stay!with!the!Play! SWP! Refers!to!IOT!that!referee!will!not!take!his!eyes!and!concentration!off!the!play!before!it!has!ended.!

Strong!Side! (Refereeing/3PO)!

SSR! Side!of!the!court!where!the!Lead!&!Trail!referees!are!located!(3PO).!

Substitution!Opportunity! SUBO! "A!substitution!opportunity!begins!when:! •!For!both!teams,!the!ball!becomes!dead,!the!game!clock!is!stopped!and!the!official!has!ended!his! communication!with!the!scorer's!table.! •!For!both!teams,!the!ball!becomes!dead!following!a!successful!last!or!only!free!throw.! •!For!the!nonPscoring!team,!a!field!goal!is!scored!when!the!game!clock!shows!2:00!minutes!or!less!in!the!fourth! period!and!in!each!extra!period.!! ! A!substitution!opportunity!ends!when!the!ball!is!at!the!disposal!of!a!player!for!a!throwPin!or!a!first!or!only!free! throw."!

Substitution/Substitute! SUB! During!playing!time,!a!team!member!is!a!substitute!when!he!is!not!on!the!playing!court!but!he!is!entitled!to! play.!

Switching!(referees)! SW! Refers!to!switching!the!positions!(roles)!of!the!Lead,!Trail!and!Center!after!reporting!the!foul!to!Score!Table.! The!switch!normally!involves!the!calling!official!moving!to!a!new!position!on!the!court.!

Table!Officials! TBO! The!table!officials!shall!be!a!scorer,!an!assistant!scorer,!a!timer!and!a!shot!clock!operator.!