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GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY SENSATION AND PERCEPTION Sensation — is the process of accepting stimulus by the senses (raw data). The giving of interpretation or meaning to the stimulus by the brain to respond appropriately is referred to as s Perception. (processed data). Stimulus _— any form of energy that can cause awareness or change to the consciousness. ece| - specialized cells responsible for detecting specific type of energy as a result of transduction. Transduction — the process of changing the stimulus sense into energy for neural activity. The energy transduced at the receptor is received by the sensory nerve on to the thalamus (except smell), then to the braii for the corresponding response. : Psychophysics — is the relationship between the physical and the psychological environment. it connects the external & the internal world of the individual. It aims to examine the sensitivity of the individual to various stimuli. Then it determines the psychological perception on the stimulus. The process assesses the presence and intensity of the stimulus. _-Absolute Threshold. — is the least quality or quantity of a stimulus that can be sensed and perceived consequently. A person who can detect the weakest stimulus is said to be sensitive or with a high threshold. SENSES ABSLUTE THRESHOLD ~ Light sees candlelight 30 miles away on a clear, dark night Sound hears the tick of a watch 20 feet away under silent situation Touch feels wing of a fly 1 em. away from the cheek ~ Taste tastes the sweetness of sugar in 2 gallons of water Smell smells the scent of one drop of perfume diffused in a 3-room apartment. A ifterence_ Threshold. or..Just-Noticeable-Threshold.-IND) — is the minimum difference in intensity “db tween 2 small stimuli when caused by a smallest change. _Weber’s Law. — the ratio between the original intensity and the change in magnitude. It is expressed in this way: JND=! wherein K is the constant fraction) and | is intensity. ee K (CONSTANT FRACTION) Pitch 003 Brightness O17 Weight 020 Loudness 100 Pressure on skin -140 Saltiness of taste -200 a - Eechner’s.and Steven’s Law. Fechner’s.Law.— constant increase in physical energy will result continuously to smaller increases in one’s own magnitude. This law enables one to describe and judge differences for each sensory system. Steyen’s Law - generates accurate functions in estimating subjective relative magnitude of any kind of stimulus of varying intensitics. This law explains why people have different perception on the same stimuli. SUMMARY of the DIFFERENT KINDS OF SENSATION (SENSE SENSATION STIMULI SENSITIVITY RECEPTORS ORGAN Eyes Vision Lightwaves Intensity of wavelengths: | Rods & cones Hues, saturation, | (Retina) brightness Ears Audition Soundwaves Intensity of frequency: Organ of cocti Pitch, tone loudness (cochlea) Skin Somatic Touch | Mechanical & Cutaneous; pain, Free nerve ending (Dermis) (tactile) Thermal Temperature Ruffini’s ending warm, Krause end bulb cold, Panician pressure, corpuscles touch (tactile) Merkel’s disk Meissner’s corpuscles Peritrichial Tounge Gustatory Solid & liquid Salt, sweet, sour, bitter Taste buds (taste) (soluble substance) Nose Olfactory Gaseous state Henning’s basic smell Olfactory bulb (smell) Amoore’s stereo- Chemical theory Ear (inner- | Vestibular sense | Bodily movements | Balance (equilibrium) End of hair cell in ear, (sense of the semicircular semicircular | balance) canal canal) Muscles, Kinesthetic (sia) | Bodily movements | posture Nerve endings of tendons, muscles, tendons | joints and joints Normal eyesight — 20/20. The image is in focus on retina. 
