Download Genetics exam blank study guide and more Exams Biology in PDF only on Docsity!
Final Exam Study Guide
Genetics Unit
Match the following terms:
- Homozygous dominant a. Hh
- Homozygous recessive b. HH
- Heterozygous c. hh
Assume that H is dominant for skin color blue, and h is recessive for skin color pink. If someone is heterozygous for a trait (Hh), what is their phenotype going to be:
If you cross two heterozygous individuals: a. What are the odds the o ff spring will be PINK? b. What are the odds the o ff spring will be BLUE?
If someone is heterozygous for a trait, use color for an example, R = red, and W = white: Explain what the result would be if you followed these rules: Mendels rules (RW) – Incomplete dominance (RW) – Codominance (RW) –
If a female is a carrier for a genetic recessive disease like hemophilia, her genotype is X H^ X h^. The X h^ is the “bad” chromosome and the X H^ is the “good” chromosome. Let’s look at some possible outcomes.
A cross between a carrier female X H^ X h^ and a normal male XY
If this couple has 4 boys, how many do you expect will have the disease? If this couple has 4 girls, how many do you expect will have the disease?
A cross between a female carrier X H^ X h^ , a male with the disease X h^ Y
If this couple has 10 kids, how many do you expect will have the disease?
What is the diagram above called that homologous pairs of chromosomes in order from largest to smallest, and showing the sex chromosomes last? _______________________________
When a man’s normal sperm cell fertilizes a woman’s normal egg cell, sexual reproduction a. how many total chromosomes will be found in the zygote? b. how many total sex chromosomes will be found in the zygote? c. how many total autosomes (body chromosomes) will be found in the zygote? d. how many total chromosomes did each parent contribute to the zygote?
The diagram to the right is called a pedigree How many generations are shown?
If attached earlobes are caused by a recessive allele (f), what would the genotype be for the following family members? Female 2: Female 4: Male 5: Male 8:
DNA/RNA Unit
What is Replication –
What phase of the cell cycle does replication occur: Where in the cell does replication occur: Which cells in your body have DNA: Approximately how many base pairs on a single human DNA strand: What kind of backbone does DNA have: What type of bonds hold the two DNA strands together: What shape is DNA:
Keywords: all cells, 3 billion, double helix, hydrogen, nucleus, sugar/phosphate, S phase
Number the following terms from 1-5 in increasing order of size: 1 is the smallest, 5 is the largest: Gene Base pair DNA Strand Nucleotide Chromosome Replicate this strand of DNA and also place the proper # of hydrogen bonds between the complementary base pairs: G A A T C T G T A C C G
What is Transcription – Where does this take place in the cell cycle: This turns a strand of DNA to a strand of Transcribe the following sequence by converting this strand of DNA into a strand of mRNA: T T A T G C A C A T C A
What is Translation – mRNA works in groups of 3 nucleotides called: _____________ These codons determine which _____________ is going to be attached to the protein chain.
Derived Characteristic the physical appearance. (ex: # of legs, shape of eyes, fur) Primitive characteristic attached, can NOT move Phylogeny “scienti fi c name”, a two word naming system: Homo sapiens or Homo sapiens Cladogram ability to move Binomial nomenclature study of the evolutionary history of living organisms Morphology a characteristic that has evolved and not seen in every organisms Locomotion the classi fi cation and naming of organisms Sessile an old characteristic that is seen in all organisms
Know the di ff erence between the 5 kingdom/6 kingdom systems: New 6 Old 5 Arachaebacteria Monera Eubacteria Protist Protist Fungi Fungi Plant Plant Animal Animal
Write a Scienti fi c Name: ___________ ______________ First word capitalized, second word lower case, underlined or italicized
Write Prokaryotes (P) and Eukaryotes (E) next to each of the following: 10 times bigger 10 times smaller
Not very complex Has a complex structure and carry out complex function
Has membrane bound organelles and nucleus Does Not have organelles or nucleus
The genetic material is in the shape of a double helix Its genetic material is in the shape of a circle
Its genetic material is found floating in the cytosol Its genetic material is found in a membrane bound nucleus
Makes up Kingdoms Plant, Animal, Fungi and Protist Makes up Kingdom Archabacteria and Eubacteria
Can be unicellular or multicellular Is always unicellular
Use a dichomotous key : (Practice) Starburst = __________________ Jolly Rancher = _________________ Tootsie roll = ____________________
Be able to identify this as a cladogram:
Every organism that comes after the characteristic has that characteristic, every organism that comes before that characteristic doesn’t! Name the organisms that have hair: Name the organisms that give live birth: Name the organisms that have a placenta: What is the only animal that does NOT have amniotic eggs:
All of the characteristics listed on the right of the cladogram are called:
Bacteria/Protist Unit
- Know the three shapes of bacteria and be able to identify them:
Cocci –
Heterotrophs Most are multicellular; the only unicellular fungus is __________________
Fungus typically live in moist, terrestrial environments Have cell walls made of ____________
Decomposers also known as ____________________ _________ – specialized cells that aid in the reproduction of fungi. They must have the perfect
combination of temperature, moisture, and food
__________are one cell thick and contain multiple nuclei and secrete digest enzymes into the soil to break down organic matter so they can then
absorb those nutrients
Lichens live in extreme environments and are often a _______________
______________= fi rst species to invade an area
Label the fungus above: hyphae, mycelium, fruiting body ______________ – break down and absorption of nucleus ______________ – specializes in reproduction; has di ff erent methods for attracting animals and spreading its spores
Fungus reproduce using 3 methods, match the following:
a. budding asexual; fragments, or pieces of the fruiting body or hyphae get broken o ff or separated they can often grow and survive on their own b. fragmentatio n
spores are formed and spread throughout the air land and water.
c. sporulation asexual; another organism begins to grow out of an existing organism, breaks o ff and survives
Match the following:
Mutualism a mutualistic relationship between fungus and algae Lichens a mutualistic relationship between fungus and plants Mycorrhiz ae
a symbiotic relationship in which both organisms receive a bene fi t
Fungi live in the root system of the plant and often connect neighboring plants
80% of all plants have a mutualistic relationship with fungi Fungi can also be parasitic toward plants, animals and humans
In temperate (like Alabama) regions, 15% of all crops are lost to fungal parasites. In tropical (rainforests) regions, as many as 50% of all crops are lost to fungal parasites.
Plant Unit
Plants have a cell wall; and its made of cellolose
Match the following:
Plants are eukaryotic
meaning they have a chloroplast; and make their own energy Plants are autotrophs
have more than one cell type
Plants are multicellular
meaning they have a nucleus and organelles
Some plants have _______________ ______________= meaning they have roots, stems, and veins that
can carry and store water ___________ do NOT have vascular tissue: this is why they have to grow in moist, shaded
areas ___________ – type of vascular tissue that carries water from the roots to the leaves ___________ – type of vascular tissue that carries “food”, sugar, from leaves to the rest of the plant
Keywords: Mosses, Phloem, Vascular Tissue, Xylem
Be able to label roots, stems, leaves , Stomata, Guard Cells on a diagram. Also know their functions.
_______________– take up water and store energy _______________– store water and carry it to the leaves _______________– site of photosynthesis; this is where the plant take in sunlight and CO2 to make energy
_______________ – hole on the underside of leaves where sunlight and CO2 enter and water goes out _______________– cells that control whether the stomata is open or closed
Be able to label the following terms on a fl ower: petals, sepals, stamen(anther/
fi lament), carpel(Stigma, style,ovary)
_______________ is the female part of the fl ower _______________ , is the male part of the fl ower
Make sure you can distinguish between gymnosperms and angiosperms: _______________ – are conifers, have cones, have needles instead of leaves and live year
round _______________ – have fl owers or fruits, have leaves, lose leaves during winter
Plant Reproduction: Keywords: Hormones, Pollen, Pollination
Know that plants alternate from sexual to asexual reproduction. This is known as alternation of generations.
_______________– is found on the anther of a fl ower and is the male “seed” _______________ – the process of carrying pollen to the female gamete
A. Kidney
B. Small Intestine
C. Stomach
D. Uterus
Female reproductive structure, houses developing fetus
Break down food particles by secreting acids and enzymes
Organ where most digestion takes place and nutrients enter the bloodstream
Remove waste from the blood; from urine
A. Esophagus
B. Heart
C. Liver
D. Lung
Produces bile and detoxifies blood
Carries food from mouth to stomach
Pumps blood to body
Organ where oxygen enters blood and CO 2 is removed from the blood
