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Cambrian: jellyfish, sponges, worms, mollusks (clams and snails), and arthropods (insects and crabs)
Osmium densest material on earth @ 22.59 g/cm
The densest liquid on Earth is the liquid element mercury, which has a density of 13.5 grams per cubic centimeter.
The oldest large scale oceanic crust is in the west Pacific and north-west Atlantic - both are about up to 180-200 million years old. However, parts of the eastern Mediterranean Sea are remnants of the much older Tethys ocean, at about 270 and up to 340 million years old.
"The Meghalayan Age is unique among the many intervals of the Geologic Time Scale in that its beginning coincides with a global cultural event
cinder is scoria
Diamictite is a poorly sorted or non-sorted terrigenous non-calcareous sedimentary rock that contains variously sized clasts from clay to boulders in a muddy matrix
Isopachous (which means equal thickness) cement forms in subaqueous conditions where the grains are completely surrounded by water (Boggs, 2006).
Sporosarcina pasteurii formerly known as Bacillus pasteurii from older taxonomies, is a bacterium with the ability to precipitate calcite and solidify sand given a calcium source and urea, through the process of microbiologically induced calcite precipitation or biological cementation. [1] S. pasteurii has been proposed to be used as an ecologically sound biological construction material
fragments of different types, and other materials. It can contain scattered artifacts, pieces of wood, and coconuts. Beachrock typically forms within the intertidal zone within tropical or semitropical regions. However, Quaternary beachrock is also found as far north and south as 60 latitude. [1][2]
Hydrothermal eruption
An eruption driven by the heat in a hydrothermal systems. Hydrothermal eruptions pulverise surrounding rocks and can produce ash, but do not include magma. These are typically very small eruptions
Phreatic eruption An eruption driven by the heat from magma interacting with water. The water can be from groundwater, hydrothermal systems, surface runoff, a lake or the sea. Phreatic eruptions pulverise surrounding rocks and can produce ash, but do not include new magma.
Lava flows are the effusive (non-explosive) outpourings of lava, and usually flow slower than walking pace. Lava flow types include aa, blocky and pahoehoe. Lava fountains are a fountain of runny lava fragments from a vent or line of vents (a fissure). They can form spatter piles, and if the fragments accumulate fast enough, they can form lava flows. Lava domes are mounds that form when viscous lava is erupted slowly and piles up over the vent, rather than moving away as a lava flow. They
are generally caused by viscous, thick, sticky lava that has lost most of its gas. They can range in volume from a few cubic metres to cubic kilometres.
Strombolian and Hawaiian eruptions These are the least violent types of explosive eruptions. Hawaiian eruptions have fire fountains and lava flows, whereas Strombolian eruptions have explosions causing a shower of lava fragments.
eruption columns are up to 20 km high, and are relatively unsteady, whereas Plinian eruptions have 20 to 35 km tall columns which may collapse to form pyroclastic density currents (PDCs). Very rare Ultraplinian eruptions are even larger and have a higher magma discharge rate than Plinian eruptions.
pelagite is a fine-grained sediment that accumulates as the result of the settling of particles to the floor of the open ocean, far from land.
Neritic sediments are those deposits that are found on the margins of the major continental landmasses and islands. Neritic deposits are dominated by lithogeneous sediments. Pelagic sediments are those deposits found in the deep ocean basin.
Paralava, or parabasalt, is a pyrometamorphic rock that is vesicular, aphanitic, often ropy and with clear flow structures, formed from melting of shales, sandstones or marls, resembling basalt or industrial slag. Typical
