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Georgia Athletic Trainer Licensure
Examination Questions And Correct
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Question 1 Which structure is the primary stabilizer preventing anterior translation of the tibia? A. Anterior cruciate ligament B. Posterior cruciate ligament C. Medial collateral ligament D. Lateral meniscus Correct Answer: A Rationale: The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is the key intra-articular stabilizer that prevents anterior displacement of the tibia relative to the femur, especially during cutting, pivoting, and deceleration movements. The PCL primarily prevents posterior tibial translation. The MCL resists valgus stress, and the meniscus primarily assists with load distribution and shock absorption rather than primary ligamentous stability. Question 2 What is the most appropriate immediate management for a suspected Grade II ankle sprain?
A. Immediate weight bearing and heat therapy B. Immobilization followed by strengthening C. Surgical referral within 24 hours D. High-intensity plyometric training Correct Answer: B Rationale: A Grade II sprain involves partial ligament tearing with moderate instability. Initial management includes protection, possible immobilization, and progressive rehabilitation focusing on range of motion and strengthening. Heat therapy is contraindicated acutely due to inflammation. Surgery is rarely required. Plyometric training is a late-stage rehabilitation component, not acute care. Question 3 Which energy system predominates during a 10-second sprint? A. Oxidative system B. Aerobic glycolysis C. ATP-PC system D. Beta-oxidation Correct Answer: C Rationale: The ATP-PC (phosphagen) system provides immediate energy for high-intensity, short-duration activities lasting up to about 10 seconds. It relies on stored ATP and phosphocreatine. The oxidative system supports long- duration activity, glycolysis dominates intermediate efforts, and beta-oxidation is involved in fat metabolism during prolonged exercise. Question 4 A positive Lachman test indicates injury to which structure? A. Posterior cruciate ligament
C. Ulna D. Scaphoid Correct Answer: B Rationale: A Colles’ fracture is a distal radius fracture with dorsal displacement, typically resulting from a fall on an outstretched hand. The ulna may be secondarily involved, but the radius is primary. Scaphoid fractures are also common FOOSH injuries but represent a different injury pattern. Question 7 Which muscle is primarily responsible for plantarflexion of the ankle? A. Tibialis anterior B. Gastrocnemius C. Peroneus longus D. Tibialis posterior Correct Answer: B Rationale: The gastrocnemius (along with the soleus) is the primary plantarflexor of the ankle, essential for propulsion during gait and jumping. Tibialis anterior dorsiflexes the ankle, peroneus longus assists in eversion and arch support, and tibialis posterior contributes to inversion and stabilization. Question 8 What is the primary goal of the acute inflammatory phase of healing? A. Tissue remodeling B. Scar maturation C. Hemostasis and immune response activation D. Collagen alignment strengthening Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The acute inflammatory phase focuses on controlling bleeding (hemostasis) and initiating immune responses to clear debris and prevent infection. Remodeling and collagen alignment occur in later proliferative and maturation phases. Question 9 Which special test is used to assess rotator cuff impingement? A. McMurray test B. Neer test C. Thompson test D. Tinel sign Correct Answer: D Rationale: The Tinel sign evaluates nerve irritation, particularly in carpal tunnel syndrome. The Neer test specifically assesses shoulder impingement of the rotator cuff tendons under the acromion. McMurray tests meniscal tears, and Thompson test evaluates Achilles tendon rupture. Question 10 Which electrolyte imbalance is most associated with muscle cramping during endurance exercise? A. Hypercalcemia B. Hypokalemia C. Hypernatremia D. Hypermagnesemia Correct Answer: A Rationale: Hypercalcemia is not typically associated with exercise-induced cramping. Muscle cramps are more commonly linked to electrolyte disturbances such as sodium or potassium imbalance, dehydration, and neuromuscular
Which taping technique is most commonly used for ankle sprain prevention? A. Figure- 8 B. Spiral wrap only C. Elastic compression sleeve only D. Rigid immobilization cast Correct Answer: C Rationale: Spiral wraps and figure-8 taping are both used, but figure-8 is the most functional for ankle stability. Compression sleeves provide mild support. Rigid casts are for severe injuries, not prevention. Figure-8 taping is widely used in athletic settings for prophylaxis. Question 14 Which condition is characterized by inflammation of the Achilles tendon? A. Plantar fasciitis B. Achilles tendinitis C. Shin splints D. Patellofemoral syndrome Correct Answer: B Rationale: Achilles tendinitis involves inflammation of the Achilles tendon due to overuse, tight calf muscles, or improper biomechanics. Plantar fasciitis affects the plantar fascia, shin splints involve tibial stress, and patellofemoral syndrome affects the knee joint. Question 15 Which system is primarily responsible for long-duration aerobic activity? A. ATP-PC system B. Glycolytic system
C. Oxidative system D. Phosphagen system Correct Answer: D Rationale: The oxidative (aerobic) system is responsible for sustained energy production during long-duration, low-to-moderate intensity exercise. ATP-PC supports short bursts, glycolysis supports intermediate intensity, and phosphagen is another term for ATP-PC system. Question 16 What is the first priority in emergency on-field management of spinal injury? A. Remove athlete from field immediately B. Assess distal pulse only C. Stabilize cervical spine D. Apply heat therapy Correct Answer: B Rationale: Cervical spine stabilization is the highest priority in suspected spinal injury to prevent secondary neurological damage. Immediate removal without stabilization can worsen injury. Heat therapy is contraindicated. Question 17 Which bone is part of the axial skeleton? A. Femur B. Humerus C. Vertebra D. Tibia Correct Answer: C
Which is a sign of hypoglycemia? A. Bradycardia B. Sweating and confusion C. Hypertension D. Dry skin Correct Answer: A Rationale: Hypoglycemia triggers autonomic symptoms such as sweating, confusion, shakiness, and irritability. Bradycardia is not typical; tachycardia is more common. Hypertension and dry skin are not characteristic of low blood glucose. Question 21 Which muscle group performs knee extension? A. Hamstrings B. Quadriceps C. Gastrocnemius D. Adductors Correct Answer: A Rationale: Hamstrings flex the knee, not extend it. Quadriceps are responsible for knee extension, essential in walking, running, and jumping. Gastrocnemius assists plantarflexion, and adductors move the leg toward midline. Question 22 Which ligament is commonly injured in inversion ankle sprains? A. Deltoid ligament B. Lateral collateral ligament complex C. ACL D. MCL
Correct Answer: B Rationale: Inversion ankle sprains commonly injure the lateral ligament complex, especially the anterior talofibular ligament. The deltoid ligament is medial and less commonly injured. ACL and MCL are knee ligaments. Question 23 Which phase of healing involves collagen remodeling? A. Inflammatory phase B. Proliferative phase C. Maturation phase D. Hemostatic phase Correct Answer: B Rationale: Collagen remodeling occurs during the maturation phase, where tissue strength increases and scar tissue reorganizes. The inflammatory phase focuses on immune response, and proliferative phase focuses on tissue formation. Question 24 Which nerve is commonly compressed in carpal tunnel syndrome? A. Ulnar nerve B. Radial nerve C. Median nerve D. Sciatic nerve Correct Answer: C Rationale: The median nerve passes through the carpal tunnel and is compressed in carpal tunnel syndrome, causing numbness and tingling in the thumb, index, and middle fingers.
Correct Answer: A Rationale: The anterior drawer test evaluates ACL integrity by assessing anterior tibial translation. Tinel and Phalen are neurological tests, and Apley scratch evaluates shoulder mobility. Question 28 Which condition involves inflammation of the plantar fascia? A. Achilles rupture B. Plantar fasciitis C. Shin splints D. Stress fracture Correct Answer: B Rationale: Plantar fasciitis is inflammation of the plantar fascia, causing heel pain especially in the morning. Achilles rupture is tendon failure, shin splints involve tibial stress, and stress fractures are bone injuries. Question 29 Which vitamin is essential for calcium absorption? A. Vitamin A B. Vitamin C C. Vitamin D D. Vitamin K Correct Answer: C Rationale: Vitamin D facilitates calcium absorption in the intestines, supporting bone health and neuromuscular function. Vitamin K is involved in clotting, vitamin C in collagen synthesis, and vitamin A in vision.
Question 30 Which is a sign of dehydration? A. Increased urine output B. Clear urine C. Dark urine D. Bradycardia Correct Answer: D Rationale: Dehydration typically causes decreased urine output, dark urine, tachycardia, and dry mucous membranes. Bradycardia is not typical; tachycardia is more common. Question 31 Which muscle performs shoulder abduction? A. Latissimus dorsi B. Deltoid C. Pectoralis major D. Trapezius only Correct Answer: A Rationale: Latissimus dorsi is a shoulder extensor and adductor, not primary abductors. The deltoid muscle is the main abductor of the shoulder, particularly the middle fibers. Question 32 Which condition is characterized by bone stress from overuse? A. Tendinitis B. Stress fracture C. Ligament sprain D. Bursitis
Question 35 Which electrolyte imbalance causes muscle weakness and cardiac arrhythmia? A. Hyperkalemia B. Hypernatremia C. Hypocalcemia D. Hypermagnesemia Correct Answer: D Rationale: Hyperkalemia disrupts cardiac conduction leading to arrhythmias and muscle weakness. Sodium imbalances affect fluid balance, calcium affects neuromuscular excitability, and magnesium excess can also depress neuromuscular function. Question 36 Which joint is classified as a hinge joint? A. Shoulder B. Knee C. Hip D. Wrist Correct Answer: A Rationale: The shoulder is a ball-and-socket joint allowing multidirectional movement. The knee is a hinge joint allowing flexion and extension. Hip is ball- and-socket, wrist is condyloid. Question 37 Which condition is a rupture of the Achilles tendon? A. Achilles tendinitis B. Achilles rupture
C. Plantar fasciitis D. Shin splints Correct Answer: B Rationale: Achilles rupture is a complete tear of the tendon, often causing sudden pain and loss of plantarflexion. Tendinitis is inflammation, plantar fasciitis affects fascia, shin splints involve tibial stress. Question 38 Which bone is the longest in the human body? A. Tibia B. Femur C. Humerus D. Fibula Correct Answer: B Rationale: The femur is the longest and strongest bone in the body, essential for weight-bearing and locomotion. Tibia is second largest in lower limb, fibula is slender, and humerus is upper limb bone. Question 39 Which test assesses ulnar nerve compression? A. Tinel sign at elbow B. Lachman test C. McMurray test D. Thompson test Correct Answer: C Rationale: McMurray test evaluates meniscal tears in the knee. Tinel sign at the elbow (cubital tunnel) assesses ulnar nerve compression. Lachman tests ACL, Thompson tests Achilles rupture.
C. Deltoid D. Latissimus dorsi Correct Answer: D Rationale: Latissimus dorsi is a back muscle involved in shoulder extension and adduction, not elbow flexion. Biceps brachii is primary elbow flexor. Question 43 Which is a symptom of compartment syndrome? A. Mild soreness B. Severe pain out of proportion C. Increased appetite D. Slow heart rate Correct Answer: B Rationale: Compartment syndrome involves increased pressure within muscle compartments, leading to severe pain disproportionate to injury, decreased circulation, and possible tissue necrosis. Question 44 Which joint allows the greatest range of motion? A. Knee B. Elbow C. Shoulder D. Ankle Correct Answer: C Rationale: The shoulder (glenohumeral joint) is a ball-and-socket joint allowing the widest range of motion in the body. Knee and elbow are hinge joints.
Question 45 Which condition involves inflammation of tendon sheath? A. Tendinitis B. Tenosynovitis C. Bursitis D. Sprain Correct Answer: D Rationale: Sprains involve ligaments. Tenosynovitis is inflammation of tendon sheath. Tendinitis affects tendon, bursitis affects bursae. Question 46 Which system controls voluntary movement? A. Nervous system B. Endocrine system C. Digestive system D. Respiratory system Correct Answer: B Rationale: The endocrine system regulates hormones. Voluntary movement is controlled by the nervous system, specifically the somatic division. Question 47 Which injury is caused by repetitive overhead motion? A. Rotator cuff tendinitis B. ACL rupture C. Meniscus tear D. Ankle sprain Correct Answer: C
