Geospatial Intelligence (GEOINT) Fundamentals, Exams of Advanced Education

Download Geospatial Intelligence (GEOINT) Fundamentals and more Exams Advanced Education in PDF only on Docsity! MCIA PED GPC-F Study Material (All Lessons) Visual clue categories of image analysis - Answer- Size, shape, shadow, tone, texture, pattern, location, and association Imagery analysis processes - Answer- Detection, identification, and evaluation Geodesy (definition) - Answer- The science of mathematically determining the size, shape, and orientation of the Earth, and the nature of its gravity field in four dimensions (in space over time). Seven categories of GEOINT products (both standard and specialized): - Answer- Aeronautical Nautical/Hydrographic Topographical/Terrestrial Precise Positioning & Targeting Geodesy & Geophysics Geographic Names GEOINT Analysis. Geospatial Analysis - Answer- The science of extracting meaning from geospatial data and using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to uncover and investigate relationships and patterns in all forms of geospatial data to answer intel/military issues. Three major elements of GEOINT: - Answer- Imagery Imagery Intelligence Geospatial Information Sensor Phenomenology - Answer- The study and use of sensor technology, literal and non-literal, which allows discovery, observation, and characterization of natural occurring and measurable occurrences (spatial, spectral, radiometric and temporal). Navigation safety and GEOINT - Answer- Geospatial data-derived products can determine precise geographic coordinates and other measurements of objects and features in denied areas more accurately, rapidly, and effectively than is possible by other means. Two perspectives of Human Geography: - Answer- Foundational Analysis - Characterizing general patterns of people and groups within the context of their environment - AND - Mission Specific Analysis - Addressing specific questions or hypothesis with the goal of answering a specific intel question Human Geography - Answer- The study of patterns and processes that shape human interaction with their environment, with particular attention to the causes and consequences of the spatial distribution of human activity. The use of cartography in GEOINT - Answer- A map provides information on the existence of, the location of, and the distance between ground features such as populated places and routes of travel and communication. It also indicates variations in terrain, heights of natural features, and the extent of vegetation cover. Mission planning and analysis become more thorough with the addition of cartographic information. Global Positioning System (GPS) - Answer- The Global Positioning System is the only fully operational system that allows users to determine their exact position on or above the Earth anytime, in any weather, anywhere. The precise locational information provided by the GPS is critical to safety of navigation for air, land, sea and space. GEOINT Preparation of the Environment (GPE) (process) - Answer- 1) Define the Environment - Gather facts needed to outline exact loc. 2) Describe Environment's Influence - Provide descriptive info about area defined in Step 1. 3) Evaluate Threats/Hazards - Add intel/threat data from multiple INTs to step 1/2 layers 4) Develop Analytical Conclusions - Integrate all info from steps 1-3. Remote Sensing - Answer- Gathering of information about an object by means of a sensor at some distance from that object. Foundational Imagery Processes: - Answer- Triangulation GEOINT Processing and Exploitation Imagery Correlation Orthorectification Mosaic/Image Stitching Stereoscopy Data Science - Answer- The process of extracting knowledge from large volumes of data that are structured or unstructured, which is a continuation of data mining and predictive analysis. Imagery - Answer- A likeness or presentation of any natural, man-made feature, related object or activity and the positional data acquired at the same time the likeness or GEOINT in the Navy - Answer- Used in everyday ops of units/personnel assigned to the naval elements of the theater combatant commands, SOCOM, & functional global commands. - ONI is their Intel Center and represents the imagery and imagery intel focal point for Navy GEOINT - NAVOCEANO is the GI&S center of gravity for Navy GEOINT GEOINT and National Policy Makers - Answer- Provides vital national security issues such as: terrorism; regional conflict and crises; hostile foreign military combat capabilities, operations, and intentions; economic and trade security; and arms control and treaty monitoring. GEOINT in the Military - Answer- Supports military readiness as well as planning and operations. Examples include: indications and warning (I&W); safety of navigation; general military intelligence assessments; targeting and intel exchange programs across the Combatant Commands (CCMDs) and military departments (to include the services). GEOINT also supports the military departments by supporting future force structure, force protection, and weapons development and acquisition. Cross-angency data environments functions - Answer- DIA - The principle component of all-source analysis and is a key contributor to OB analysis/facility characterization. Also manages the Joint Reserve Intel Program (JRIP) which provides manpower and support to GEOINT ops. NGA - Gives direct GEOINT support to Natl Policymakers, Operational & Dept Planners, and Warfighters. GEOINT Data Standards - Answer- Applicable to all aspects of GEOINT to include: Geospatial content and format, geographical object encoding, spatial/temporal accuracy & portrayal, content & management metadata, intel reporting, advanced geospatial intel, info transfer, and data compression. Geospatial Source Analysis - Answer- Source analysis manages partner relationships, coordinates collection operations with mission partners or other disciplines, perform assessments of collection operations, and support information need brokering activities. Importance of sourcing and citations of geospatial data - Answer- Sourcing enhances the credibility and transparency of intel analysis, and assists readers in making an informed assessment of the quality and scope of sources underlying the analysis. Citation enables readers to locate and retrieve the source, and may help readers assess the quality or credibility of the source. ! - Answer- Raw - Intel that is not processed. New intelligence should be applied to historic intel to determine updated intelligence. Raw data has relatively limited utility. Finished - Data is collected from a sensor and processed into an intelligible form; it becomes information and gains greater utility. Can provide the commander a variety of assessments and estimates that facilitate understanding of the operational environment. GEOINT intelligence/issue priorities guidance - Answer- Intelligence Community Directive (ICD) 204: - Covers National Intel Priorities Framework (NIPF), which establishes, manages, and communicates natl intel priorities. Sole mechanism for the DNI to establish national intel priorities. - DIA uses the NIPF as basis to develop/manage DIPF, which translates NIPF topics into Defense Intel Analysis Program (DIAP) topics. GEOINT Program of Analysis (GPOA) - Answer- A system for analytic resource planning and expectation across the GEOINT Enterprise. It seeks to drive GEOINT Mission Management efforts by providing a more informed process to align resources, opportunities for integrating analysis, and identification of opportunities to burden-share. Key Intelligence Questions (KIQs) - Answer- Selective and current critical questions for special operational attention. The selection of KIQs generally approximates the selection of policy issues for NSC (National Security Council) review. GEOINT support to intelligence planning - Answer- Geospatial-Intelligence (GEOINT) supports Intel Planning by providing geo-referenced visual and data products (e.g., maps, charts, digital file, imagery, and digital raster or vector information) that serve as a foundation and common frame of reference for any joint op. Situational awareness and GEOINT - Answer- Provided through the GEOINT operations process activities and procedures, which includes: - Direction, planning, and requirements management - Discovering & obtaining GEOINT - Tasking & collecting - Processing & exploitation - Analysis, production, & visualization - Value added - Dissemination, sharing, and storage GEOINT data retrieval and research techniques - Answer- NIL, IDS-D, BRITE, NWIL, IPL, CIL, UNIL, MCGIL, CRS, CSIL, CALA GEOINT software applications functionalities - Answer- IESS NES IEC CAWS RSS Functionalities of imagery exploitation system tools - Answer- RemoteView - aids in remote sensing using satellite or aerial images of the Earth's surface ArcGIS - a GIS for working with maps and geospatial information. It is used for: creating and using maps; compiling geographic data; analyzing mapped information; sharing and discovering geographic information; using maps and geographic information in a range of applications; and managing geographic information in a database SOCET GXP - a software application that performs a variety of functions related to photogrammetry Tools for exploring, discovering, and querying GEOINT data - Answer- - NIPRNet - SIPRNet - JWICS - StoneGhost - Intelink - Modernized Integrated Database (MIDB) Use of sensor phenomenology - Answer- Sensor phenomenology is the study and use of sensor technology, literal and non-literal, which allows discovery, observation, and characterization of natural occurring and measurable occurrences (spatial, spectral, radiometric and temporal). GEOINT can create a Common Operational Picture (COP) of a specific area by effectively using multiple and advanced sensors, multiple types of data and information as well as multiple intelligence disciplines (INTs) to present a comprehensive visual depiction. GEOINT target types - Answer- Broad Area Search (BAS) Directed Search Area (DSA) Lines of Communication (LoC) Point Target Mapping, charting, and geodesy Principles for tasking assets - Answer- Airborne systems - Managed by the Services and tasked at the theater level and below. Foundation Imagery Processing - Answer- Triangulation - the measurement of the angles of a series of triangles. Imagery correlation - the mutual relationship between the different signatures on imagery from different types of sensors in terms of position and the physical characteristics signified. Orthorectification - the process of removing the effects of image perspective (tilt) and relief (terrain) effects for the purpose of creating a plan metrically correct image. Mosaic - the process of merging multiple images together using data points. Stereoscopy - a technique for creating or enhancing the illusion of depth in an image by means of stereopsis for binocular vision. Imagery analysis - Answer- The science of converting information, extracted from imagery, into intelligence about activities, issues, objects, installations, and/or Areas of Interest (AOI). ICD 501 - Answer- Discovery and Dissemination or Retrieval of Information within the Intelligence Community Source - Answer- An originator or discrete parcel of data or information that provides material that comprises, contributes to, affects, or is used to evaluate, the basis for intelligence analysis Covered Analytic Product - Answer- A subset of disseminated analytic products designated by IC elements that fall under the authority of ICD 206, Sourcing Requirements for Disseminated Analytic Products Source Reference Citation (SRC) - Answer- A specified set of factual information elements about a source, presented in uniform format in an endnote. Enables readers to locate and retrieve the source, and may help readers assess the quality or credibility of the source, ICD 206 Sourcing Requirements for Disseminated Analytic Products - Answer- Covers in detail the required method of listing source references in analytical products National Intelligence Priorities Framework (NIPF) - Answer- Primary mechanism to establish, disestablish, manage, and communicate national intelligence priorities Defense Intelligence Priorities Framework (DIPF) - Answer- Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) uses the NIPF as the basis to develop and manage the _______ CCMD (acronym) - Answer- Combatant Command DIAP (acronym) - Answer- Defense Intelligence Analysis Program ICD 204 - Answer- National Intelligence Priorities Framework Deputy Director of National Intelligence for Intelligence Integration (DONI/II) - Answer- the DNI's designee to oversee the development and management of the NIPF NIPF inputs - Answer- informed by input from heads of IC elements, Functional Managers, and National Intelligence Managers (NIMs) NIPF schedule - Answer- published annually and reviewed quarterly. It may be updated on an ad hoc basis to address emerging issues Allied System for Geospatial Intelligence (ASG) - Answer- represents the geospatial intelligence (GEOINT) relationship among the "five-eyes" community: Australia, Canada, New Zealand, United Kingdom, and United States GMMI (acronym) - Answer- GEOINT Mission Management Interface member nations - Answer- ASG co-chair positions rotate among the other _____________ ASG Senior Management Council (ASMC) - Answer- top level ASG forum is the ___________ Director of the United States' National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) - Answer- The ASMC provides mission, vision, and strategic direction for the ASG and is chaired by the NSG SSI - Answer- The ASG has its own Statement of Strategic Intent (SSI) which sets the long term goals and objectives for the Allied GEOINT enterprise. The ASG SSI broadly mirrors the Key Intelligence Questions (KIQ) - Answer- highly selective, current critical questions for special operational attention do not represent the Nation's priorities which are embodied in NIPF, but rather those subjects of high priority upon which the Intelligence Community attention needs to be focused in the short term GEOINT Operations - Answer- are the tasks, activities, and events to collect, manage, analyze, generate, visualize, and provide imagery, imagery intelligence, and geospatial information necessary to support national and defense missions and international arrangements GEOINT Operation Process - Answer- described by a set of interrelated and specific activities and procedures that provide situational awareness and support operations. These activities and subtasks are continuous and may be performed independently, in conjunction with one another, or as a component of other intelligence or operational procedures that require information fusion, visualization, analysis, and sharing GEOINT operations process activities - Answer- 1. Direction, Planning & Requirements Management 2. Discover & Obtain Geospatial Intelligence 3. Task & Collection 4. Processing & Exploitation 5. Analysis, Production and Visualization 6. Value-added 7. Dissemination, Sharing & Storage Situation Awareness (SA) - Answer- the perception of the elements in the environment within a volume of time and space, comprehension of their meaning and the projection of their status in the near future JOA (acronym) - Answer- Joint Operations Area CCDR (acronym) - Answer- Combatant Commander NIST (acronym) - Answer- National Intelligence Support Team NST (acronym) - Answer- NGA Support Team Director of NGA - Answer- NSG functional manager NSG functional manager responsibilities - Answer- Establish, Develops, Prescribes, Mandates, Information Transfer, Data Compression, Advance Geospatial Intelligence, and Enforce GEOINT standards NSG standard - Answer- encompass those standards that affect geospatial intelligence and the enabling technologies used in its generation National Center for Geospatial Intelligence Standards (NCGIS) - Answer- NSG Functional Manager established the ____________ to manage identification and implementation of NSG GEOINT standards NCGIS - Answer- The mission of the _________ is to adopt, develop and mandate GEOINT standards and standards management processes, and to implement policies that promote interoperability and operational efficiency across the NSG and national security communities Geospatial Intelligence Standards Working Group (GWG) - Answer- consisting of NSG members the NCGIS has established this group, to coordinate activities with the NSG Community and establish a mandated standards registry GEOINT Standard (What does it do) - Answer- supports element of the geospatial intelligence infrastructure to enable repeatable processes, protocols and formats by which NSG information interoperability can be measured NSG/FM - Answer- issues standards and procedures associated with GEOINT education, certification, tradecraft, training, and creation of career development programs Enhanced capabilities that have evolved with GEOINT to improve accuracy. - Answer- - Advanced Sensors - Employ Multiple Sensors Simultaneously - Multiple INT's (Cross-Cueing) - Expand Visualization Features - Enhance Precision & Detail - Improve On-Demand Global Access National System for Geospatial