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GESM 141 EXAM WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS 100% VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE! Chronic diseases cause more deaths than war, crime and suicide deaths together (True/false) - ANSWER true What happens to our chance of getting diseases as we grow old? - ANSWER : It goes up exponentially Why do age-related diseases increase after 45 years of age? - ANSWER Normal lifespan of humans in the wild is 45 years. Selection shadow People are living longer all over the world: - ANSWER A)Only in 1st world countries B)Only in 3rd world countries, lifespan has maxed out in 1st world countries sometimes, mutations that cause aging have been selected for during evolution (true/false) - ANSWER true Why are mutations that cause disease not removed from our genome by evolution? - ANSWER Antagonistic pleiotropy; a gene that has multiple functions, but they can be good and bad at the same time. There are more cells that make up your body than bacteria in your gut - ANSWER false Could you come up with one reason why our double stranded in this complementary fashion? - ANSWER it allows for easy DNA replication or DNA repair Why do cells make these temporary copies of DNA to make proteins? - ANSWER it allows for the possibility of amplification of the message. You can make hundreds of copies at the same time and use all of those copies to make proteins if that is needed. : Most of your DNA is "yours", it is used to make the proteins that make up your body (true/false) - ANSWER false Is the fact that cells eventually stop dividing the only reason why we age? - ANSWER no, some cells, like neurons or heart cells never divide, yet they age as well. Name at least two ways in which our chromosomes change with age - ANSWER : telomeres get shorter, mutations arise, epigenetic code drifts The ends of chromosomes are linear (true/false) - ANSWER : false (telomeres form a circular loop at the ends of chromosomes) One reason why we age is because the telomeres of stem cells shorten (true/false) - ANSWER false (a protein called telomerase lengthens telomeres in stem cells) Why are so many tumors genetically unstable? Or in other words, why do they accumulate mutations so fast? - ANSWER That is the only way they are able to acquire all the mutations needed to prevent their own death and promote their growth Viruses mutate super fast. How does that make it more difficult to prevent them? - ANSWER : Mutations can help the virus get around vaccines or treatments : Almost all DNA damage comes from the outside world in the form of the things we eat and drink or sunlight (true/false) - ANSWER false, lots of damage is generated by your own cells DNA damage makes it more likely that mutations will arise (true/false) - ANSWER true..? What would happen to a patient that loses its ability to repair their DNA? - ANSWER a)they get cancers in tissues that are exposed to damage that is normally repaired by that mechanisms There is a DNA repair mechanism called mismatch repair. This mechanism repairs mistakes made by DNA polymerases. What type of tumors do you expect in these patients? - ANSWER tumors in rapidly dividing tissues. In those cells, this repair mechanism will be missed the most : Name one piece of evidence that supports the idea that DNA damage causes aging - ANSWER : people that lack DNA repair age faster, better repair is associated with longer lifespans, when genes are removed that lengthen lifespan that often results in better resistance to DNA damage. Name at least 2 ways by which DNA damage can promote aging - ANSWER driving cells into senescence; impacting mitochondrial function (mtDNA mutations) or inducing protein aggregation : It is sometimes said that humans are symbionts, why is that? - ANSWER Our genome is partially derived from a bacterium, and partially from a primordial cell cell types. They also give rise to cells that cannot divide themselves. For example, neurons cannot divide. So if there are new neurons needed, only stem cells can generate them,. What would happen in the context of aging if your stem cells run out of juice? - ANSWER Stem cells also deplete with age, potentially as a result of DNA damage that accumulates with age. Since these stem cells are required to regenerate and rejuvenate tissues, it is reasonable to assume that loss of stem cell activity, or changes in its activity, underlie some aspects of aging. Indeed, the ability of stem cells to repair or rejuvenate tissues correctly diminishes with age. : Something in the blood of young people rejuvenates stem cells (true/false) - ANSWER true Something in the blood of old people slows down stem cells (true/false) - ANSWER true Stem cells stop dividing because there is something intrinsically wrong with them when we're old (true/false) - ANSWER false Could you name one way by which epigenetic tags turn a gene on or off? - ANSWER By physically scrunching up DNA, epigenetic tags can prevent other proteins from finding or accessing genes they would otherwise activate. By physically loosening DNA up, epigenetic tags can also make pieces of DNA more accessible so that many proteins can work together to transcribe it and make proteins. Epigenetic tags are not inherited (true/false) - ANSWER false Epigenetic tags can be added or removed (true/false) - ANSWER true Social or physical experiences can result in changes in your epigenome (true/false) - ANSWER true Emotional experiences can result in changes in your genome that you carry with you until the day you die (true/false) - ANSWER true If you examine your epigenome really carefully, it is possible to estimate your age (true/false) - ANSWER true Animals with identical genomes have identical lifespans (true/false) - ANSWER false : Food that you eat can change your healthspan many years later (true/false) - ANSWER True, certain foods are required to make epigenetic tags. If those are not made, your epigenome will change proteins need to fold in a proper 3D structure to do their work. Could you name 2 reasons why that is so hard? - ANSWER Protein folding happens super fast, proteins start to fold as soon as they're being generated and before they are even finished, many proteins are made at once, proteins that are in the middle of folding can accidentally interact with other proteins and that distraction can make them misfold many age related neurodegenerative diseases share a common cause. What is that cause? - ANSWER: protein misfolding and protein aggregation Why can't the proteasome degrade protein aggregates? - ANSWER, it will use the proteasome to degrade them. If the misfolded proteins have started to coalesce though, and bind to each other in the beginnings of an aggregate, a larger method is necessary, so it tries to degrade them with autophagy. the less food you eat, the healthier you'll be (true/false) - ANSWER true How can the amount of food you eat be translated into changes in your cells? - ANSWER As food enters the cell as glucose, it enters the TCA cycle where NAD is converted to NADH which is then converted to NADH + H and then that goes through a protein chain where ATP or energy is then made How is it possible that experiments done in yeast, worms or flies can teach us something about human disease or aging? - ANSWER We share a lot of our proteins, genes and molecular mechanisms with yeast, worms, flies and mice. As a result, discoveries made in those small organisms frequently hold true for humans as well. 
