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GMAT Sentence Correction
Concision: Don't Make It Too Short - What are the 3 Patterns? - ANS: False Concision: expressions that are too short for their own good. Pattern 1: keep the prepositional phrase if you need to
- often, you can turn a noun modified by a prep phrase into a noun-adjective
- works best with the prep "of"
avoid if prep isn't of, if a location, time period, quantity or other measurement, possessive ('s or s') to describe a measurement Pattern 2: keep THAT OF or THOSE OF if you need to
- sometimes GMAT inserts unnecessary ones that need removed Pattern 3: keep THAT after a reporting verb
- reporting verbs: indicate, claim, contend, report
- only exception is the verb "say" QUIZ: the oxygen amount v. the amount of oxygen (example) - ANS: Concision: Keep prepositional phrase QUIZ: The face I see in ads every day is a famous actor v. the face I see in ads every day is that of a famous actor - ANS: Concision: Keep "that of" or "those of" QUIZ: With compounds, subject-verb agreement matches the - ANS: noun closest to the verb Example: Either the manager or the employees take a break. QUIZ: Rules for using a colon to list - ANS: Before the colon must standalone, after the colon doesn't have to QUIZ: Colon always connects a sentence to... - ANS: provide examples or a further explanation Note: semi-colon can connect to a independent clause that doesn't necessarily explain the other QUIZ: Dash is used for... - ANS: - to maintain an unambiguous meaning Example: My three best friends - Danny, Enrico, and Joey- and I went skiing
- to restate or explain an earlier part that is not close in proximity Example: The business has grown significantly over the past year - by tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of dollars. QUIZ: Watch out for collective nouns... What are they? - ANS: Nouns that look singular but can refer to groups of people or objects like "army", class", "team" QUIZ: Indefinite Pronouns are usually what number? - ANS: Singular Examples: Anyone, anybody, anything, whatever, whoever, each, every
QUIZ: What are the SANAM Pronouns? - ANS: Pronouns that can be either singular or plural SANAM: Some, Any, None, All, More/Most Use the prepositional phrase to determine singular or plural QUIZ: Not one is ALWAYS - ANS: singular QUIZ: "The Number of" take a (singular/plural) verb - ANS: singular QUIZ: "A Number of" take a (singular/plural) verb - ANS: plural QUIZ: Expressions that designate quantities like "half of" are either singular or plural depending on what? - ANS: Depending on the prepositional phrase Example: Half of the pie IS blueberry, and half of the slices ARE already gone. QUIZ: Majority, minority, and plurality should be treated as ... - ANS: SANAM QUIZ: If you see a sentence that leads with verb then subject - ANS: FLIP IT and correct! QUIZ: Noun Modifier: A short, nonessential phrase... - ANS: intervenes and is set off by commas Example: Our system of Presidential elections favors states, SUCH AS DELAWARE, that by .... QUIZ: Do not choose Y of X's. Choose Y of X or X's Y. For example... - ANS: The orca, a RELATIVE of the blue whale, is found throughout the globe QUIZ: Rule of thumb: Avoid this "PP" - ANS: plural possessive (-s') 80-90% of released problems, the GMAT avoids plural possessive QUIZ: Example: This model explains all known subatomic particles, SOME OF WHICH WERE SOME OF THEM SOME - ANS: Right (which only construction paired with working verb "were") QUIZ: Example: This model explains all known subatomic particles, OF WHICH SOME WERE SOME OF THEM WHICH WERE SOME OF WHICH - ANS: Wrong QUIZ: The man WHO IS CLEANING the steps is my uncle (relative clause) can also be replaced with - ANS: The man CLEANING THE STEPS is my uncle (present participle modifier QUIZ: Absolute phrases is composed of - ANS: Noun + noun modifier
QUIZ: How else can you say? Frank, LIKE his brother, has a broad and muscular build - ANS: Frank, LIKE THAT OF his brother, has a broad and muscular build Frank's build, like his brother's, has a broad and muscular build QUIZ: Linking Verbs are also this - ANS: parallelism markers Examples: Is, are, was, were, am, been, be, being, appear, become, feel grow, look, remain, represent, resemble, turn QUIZ: What are parallelism markers? - ANS: They signal comparison in sentences between clauses, nouns, and verb phrases. They can either be OPEN or CLOSED Open - And, Or, Rather Than Closed - Both/And, Either/Or, Not/But, Not Only/But Also, From/To QUIZ: Relative Pronoun: Where can modify this but NOT this? - ANS: It can modify a noun but CANNOT modify a metaphorical place such as condition, situation, case, circumstance, arrangement Example Wrong: I am planning the party WHERE I will be the center of attention. QUIZ: Words that work for BOTH countable & uncountable terms - ANS: MORE, MOST, ENOUGH, ALL QUIZ: Relative Pronoun: Which/Whom sometimes follows this - ANS: prepositions Example: through WHICH water flows FOR WHOM we worked QUIZ: Relative Pronoun: Whose modifies this - ANS: BOTH people or things QUIZ: Relative Pronoun: Who/Whom modifies - ANS: ONLY people QUIZ: What are some subordinate clause markers? - ANS: After, although, because, before, if, since, so that, that, unless, until, when, while QUIZ: If you use the word "numbers", use these... - ANS: greater than or more than QUIZ: Types of Noun Modifiers - ANS: Preposition - On the couch Past Participle - Owned by Sue Present Participle without commas - Sleeping on the rug QUIZ: Modifier: Which - ANS: WHICH can only modify the preceding noun not a full phrase QUIZ: Modifiers - Watch out for - ANS: Make sure they modify the right subject QUIZ: Parallelism necessitates that... - ANS: there is repetition of chosen grammatical forms in a sentence
Example: That X, that Y, and that Z QUIZ: Relative Pronoun: THAT is used for... - ANS: essential clauses and cannot be used to modify people For people, use WHOSE, WHO, WHOM QUIZ: List of Words for Countable Objects - ANS: Many Few Fewer Fewest Number Numerous QUIZ: List of Words for Uncountable Objects - ANS: Much Little Less Least Amount Great QUIZ: Words to use to relate things/people 2 things? 3 or more? - ANS: 2: Between, comparative (er) 3: Among, superlative (est) QUIZ: For modifiers, only use WHICH to? - ANS: refer to nouns, never to entire clauses QUIZ: What are the FANBOYS? - ANS: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so QUIZ: It is acceptable to switch the subject-verb order in a sentence. True or False - ANS: TRUE Example 1: Students at Carver High School are encouraged to pursue only those extracurricular activities from which....
- stems success in college applications
- success in college applications stems QUIZ: Avoid this type of repetition in sentences - ANS: Redundancy Wrong: After the test format was changed, scores subsequently dropped by more than a 25% decrease. QUIZ: If you want to make a comparison with the word "NUMBERS", use - ANS: GREATER THAN not MORE THAN QUIZ: Greater and Less are used for - ANS: comparisons between 2 things QUIZ: Increase and Decrease are used for - ANS: expressing change over time
QUIZ: Hours are - ANS: countable; use many or as many as QUIZ: TRUE OR FALSE adverbial modifiers need to be placed close to the noun they are modifying - ANS: FALSE QUIZ: TRUE OR FALSE With adverbial modifiers, the order of timeline matters - ANS: TRUE; needs to match the sentence structure QUIZ: Countable or Uncountable? MANY - ANS: Countable QUIZ: Countable or Uncountable? MUCH - ANS: Uncountable QUIZ: Countable or Uncountable? FEW FEWER FEWEST - ANS: Countable QUIZ: Countable or Uncountable? LITTLE LESS LEAST - ANS: Uncountable QUIZ: Countable or Uncountable? NUMBER - ANS: Countable QUIZ: Countable or Uncountable? AMOUNT - ANS: Uncountable QUIZ: Countable or Uncountable? NUMEROUS - ANS: Countable QUIZ: Countable or Uncountable? GREAT - ANS: Uncountable QUIZ: Greater/Less vs. Increase/Decrease Which expresses change over time? - ANS: Increase/Decrease Greater/Less signals a comparison between 2 things QUIZ: Conditional Tense expresses what? - ANS: The future from the perspective of the past Ex: The scientist believed that the machine would be wonderful
QUIZ: WHICH v THAT When you need to have a restrictive clause, use - ANS: That QUIZ: The animal no longer HAS is (past/present) - ANS: Present QUIZ: The animal will no longer HAVE is (past/future) - ANS: Future QUIZ: relative pronouns - ANS: that, which, who, whom, whose, where, when QUIZ: indefinite pronouns that are always plural - ANS: both, few, many, several QUIZ: SANAMM pronouns are singular/plural based on noun it refers to - ANS: Some, any, none, all, more, most QUIZ:
