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Download GNRS 582A PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Quiz 5 2025–2026 | ACTUAL 160+ Qs & As | ALREADY GRADED A+ and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!
1|Page GNRS 582A PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Quiz 5 2025-2026|ACTUAL 160+Qs&As|ALREADY GRADED A+ What is the pathways of electrical impulses in the heart? - en: ANSWER.......SA node - AV node (atria contract) - Bundle of His - Bundle branches - Purkinje fibers (ventricles contract) What is the pacemaker of the heart and how many bpm does it dO? - wee ANSWER....... SA node; 60-100bpm usually Understanding ECG: What does the P wave represent? - ee ANSWER.......Small positive deflection, atrial depolarization. Signal from SA node through atria making the atria contract Understanding ECG: What does the QRS complex represent? - tes ANSWER.......Ventricular depolarization. It is larger than 2|Page the P wave because the ventricles are bigger than the atria meaning more electricity. Understanding ECG: What does the T wave represent? - ANSWER.......Ventricular repolarization. Ventricles have a chance to relax Understanding ECG: What is the PR Interval? - ae ANSWER.......Beginning of the P wave to the beginning of the QRS complex. Time for the SA node to fire, get to the AV node, the node to pause and to start the signal to the ventricles. aka atrioventricular conduction time Understanding ECG: How long should the QRS interval be? - a ANSWER.......Less than 3 small boxes. If it is more, it means the pump is not going to be efficient. Slow conduction of the ventricles 4|Page What do pacemaker cells in the SA, AV, and ventricles do? - eae ANSWER.......AUtomatically and independently sustain the heart rhythm Why are SA nodes the pacemaker of the heart? - ee Ae. ANSWER.......They depolarize more rapidly than other pacemaker cells meaning they contract more rapidly. What are the intrinsic heart rates for: SA node AV node Ventricles -.......... ANSWER....... SA: 60-100bpm AV: 40-60bpm Ventricles: 20-40bpm 5|Page What are S3 and S4 heart sounds? -.......... ANSWER....... S3: ventricular gallop heard early diastole. Due to oscillation of blood within ventricles S4: atrial gallop heard at end of diastole. Due to atria contracting forcefully to overcome a stiff ventricle wall What is the process of blood flow from the venules of each organ to the lungs? -.......... ANSWER....... Venules of each organ - veins of each organ - vena cava - right atrium - right AV valve (tricuspid) - right ventricle - pulmonary SL valve - pulmonary artery (trunk) - lungs What is the process of blood flow from the lungs to the arterioles of each organ? - .......... ANSWER....... Lungs - pulmonary veins - left atrium - left AV valve (bicuspid/mitral) - left ventricle - aortic SL valve (aortic) - aorta -arteries of each organ - arterioles of each organ 7|Page F) Mitral valve 1) Pulmonary veins Deoxygenated blood is carried in or through ... A) Aortic arch B) Aortic valve C) Bronchial arteries D) Coronary arteries E) Coronary sinus F) Mitral valve G) Pulmonic valve H) Pulmonary trunk 1) Pulmonary veins J) SVC and IVC K) Tricuspid valve - .......... ANSWER....... E) Coronary sinus 8|Page G) Pulmonic valve H) Pulmonary trunk J) SVC and IVC K) Tricuspid valve What is the pericardium? - .......... ANSWER....... Sac around the heart; thin membrane What are the layers of the heart called? - ss ANSWER.......Endocardium: inner lining Epicardium: outer surface Myocardium: muscle layer What are the coronary arteries? - .......... ANSWER....... Supply blood to the heart, carry oxygenated blood 10|Page What is diastole? -.......... ANSWER....... Period of relaxation when the chambers fill. The myocardium receives oxygenated blood through coronary arteries. what is the cardiac cycle? -.......... ANSWER....... The repetitive pumping process that includes all of the events associated with blood flow through the heart. When do the ventricles contract? - .......... ANSWER....... During systole What valves are open during diastole, during systole? - Cae ANSWER.......Diastole: AV valves (tricuspid, bicuspid/mitral) Systole: SL valves (pulmonary, aortic) 11|Page Why do AV valves close during systole? - .......... ANSWER.......TO prevent backflow What makes the S1 sounds and the S2 sounds? - < ee, ANSWER.......S1: AV valves closing (beginning of systole) S2: SL valves closing (beginning of diastole) Understanding ECG: How many seconds is 1 large box? How many large boxes equal 1 second? - .......... ANSWER....... 1 box: 0.20 seconds 5 large boxes = 1 second When is absolute refractory period and what does it mean? - aes. ANSWER.......Beginning of QRS complex through the first half of T wave. The cells cannot be stimulated 13|Page What does an inotropic agent affect? - Laake ANSWER.......Affects force of muscle contraction (contractility) (examples that increase: sympathetic stimulation and medications (dopamine, dobutamine, epinephrine)) What does a chronotropic agent affect? - oo ANSWER.......Affects rate of muscular contraction; heart rate. Positive chronotropic agent decreases P-P and R-R intervals (examples: dopamine, epinephrine) What does a dromotropic agent affect? - oF. 5 ANSWER.......Affects conduction speed in the AV nodes. Positive dromotropic agent decreases PR interval. Negative dromotropic agent increases PR interval. 14|Page What does the sympathetic nervous system do to the heart? - ee ANSWER.......Increases: heart rate, conduction speed, contractility Positive: chronotropic, dromotropic, and inotropic effects What does the parasympathetic nervous system do to the heart? - .......... ANSWER....... Decreases: heart rate and conduction speed Negative: chronotropic and dromotropic effects A positive inotrope oat lla ee ANSWER.......Increases contractility A positive chronotrope - a. ANSWER.......Increases heart rate 16|Page What are the units for... Stroke volume: Heart rate: Cardiac output: - .......... ANSWER....... Stroke volume: mL Heart rate: bpm Cardiac output: mL/min What is preload? -.......... ANSWER....... The sum of end systolic volume + venous return (The amount leftover + amount during diastole = end diastolic volume). Affects contractility. What is afterload? - .......... ANSWER....... What the heart is working against. Aortic pressure + total peripheral resistance. Resistance increases afterload 17|Page What is contractility? - .......... ANSWER....... How hard the heart has to work. End diastolic volume + sympathetic stimulation + myocardial oxygen supply What is the Frank-Starling law of the heart? - ane ANSWER.......The relationship between the length of the cardiac muscle fibers and the strength of contraction. The greater the stretch, the stronger the contraction. Increased end diastolic volume (preload) stretches the ventricular wall more, causing the cardiac muscle to contract more forcefully. What is the amount of blood left in the ventricles at the end of systole dependent on? - .......... ANSWER....... Strength of the ventricular contraction and resistance to ventricular emptying What is the amount of venous blood returning to the ventricle during diastole dependent on? -.......... ANSWER....... Blood volume and blood flow through venous system 19|Page flow by altering their own arteriolar resistances. Maintains constant coronary blood flow at perfusion pressures between 60-180mmHg What are autoregulation pressures of brain perfusion? - ergtogad ANSWER.......50-150mmHg What are autoregulation pressures of renal perfusion? - pei res ees ANSWER.......80-180mmHg What can arrhythmias cause? - .......... ANSWER....... Decreased cardiac output. There is no atrial kick that gives an additional 20% of blood What is an atrial kick? - .......... ANSWER....... Atrial contraction that contributes 20% of blood flow to ventricular filling. The other 80% is passive. It only occurs during normal sinus rhythm, not with an arrhythmia 20|Page What does the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) do? - ........ ANSWER....... Produces aldosterone and affects sodium and water retention in the kidneys What does antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or vasopressin do? - het ANSWER.......Increases free water retention (posterior pituitary). Water is being retained even though there is no movement of electrolytes What do natriuretic peptides do? - .......... ANSWER....... The natriuretic peptides decrease blood pressure (systemic vascular resistance) and increase sodium and water excretion. When is Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) secreted? - tiled: ANSWER.......When ventricles are overdistended. It is a marker for left and right ventricle dysfunction and normal levels rule out heart failure 
