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Waves, Sound, and Light: Principles and Applications, Study notes of Physical education

Physical education

A comprehensive overview of waves, sound, and light, including their properties, types, and interactions. It covers topics such as pulses, superposition, interference, wavelength, frequency, speed, longitudinal and transverse waves, sound propagation, hearing, and electromagnetic radiation. The document also discusses the dual nature of electromagnetic radiation and its applications in various fields.

Typology: Study notes

2023/2024

Uploaded on 03/31/2024

Loviebaba
Loviebaba 🇿🇦

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Science
Waves,Sound and Light
Pulses: a single disturbance in a medium
Principle of superposition: the algebraic sum of the
altitudes of two pulses that occupied the same space at
the same time.
After each pulse passes through each other they
continue in their original direction and size.
Consecutive interference: when the crest of one pulse overlaps the other
resulting in a larger pulse with an increased amplitude.
Destructive interference: when the crest of one pulse overlaps the trough of
another resulting in a smaller pulse of a decreased amplitude.
Waves:a periodic, continuous disturbance that consists of a train of pulses.
Transverse waves
A wave in which the particles of the medium move or vibrate perpendicular to the
direction of the motion of the wave.
It doesn’t require a medium to travel and it moves up and down.
Wavelength: the distance between two
successive points that are in phase
Wavespeed(v):the distance wave travels per unit time=meter per second(m.s)
Frequency(f): the number of waves per second =Hertz(Hz)
Period(T): time for one complete wave pulse.=seconds(s)
• Frequency: f = T/1
• Period:T=f/1
• Speed:v=f·λ or v=Tλ.
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Science

Waves,Sound and Light Pulses : a single disturbance in a medium Principle of superposition: the algebraic sum of the altitudes of two pulses that occupied the same space at the same time. After each pulse passes through each other they continue in their original direction and size. Consecutive interference: when the crest of one pulse overlaps the other resulting in a larger pulse with an increased amplitude. Destructive interference: when the crest of one pulse overlaps the trough of another resulting in a smaller pulse of a decreased amplitude. Waves: a periodic, continuous disturbance that consists of a train of pulses. Transverse waves A wave in which the particles of the medium move or vibrate perpendicular to the direction of the motion of the wave. It doesn’t require a medium to travel and it moves up and down. Wavelength : the distance between two successive points that are in phase Wavespeed(v):the distance wave travels per unit time=meter per second(m.s) Frequency(f): the number of waves per second =Hertz(Hz) Period(T): time for one complete wave pulse.=seconds(s)

**- Frequency: f = T/

  • Period:T=f/
  • Speed:v=f·λ or v=Tλ.**

Longitudinal waves: a wave in which the particle of the medium vibrate parallel to the direction of the motion of the wave. Wavelength : distance between the centre of two successive compressions or two successive refractions. Requires a medium to travel. Same equations

  • Frequency: f = T/
  • Period:T=f/
  • Speed:v=f·λ or v=Tλ. Sound : are longitudinal waves that require a medium to travel because there are two factors which affect this medium’s speed. Density-sound travels faster in dense mediums due to particles being closely together therefore energy moves quicker and sound travels faster in a solid then a gas. Temperature-energy travels faster in mediums with a higher temperature since particles can move faster and pass energy because the kinetic energy is high. Unless otherwise stated the speed of sound in the air is taken to be 340 MS per second HEARING: THE HUMAN EAR IS DIVIDED INTO THREE MAIN SECTIONS: OUTER, MIDDLE, AND INNER EAR. STARTING WITH THE PINNA, IT COLLECTS AND FOCUSES SOUND WAVES, WHICH THEN TRAVEL THROUGH THE EAR CANAL TO MAKE THE EARDRUM VIBRATE. THE MIDDLE EAR'S THREE SMALL BONES TRANSMIT THE SIGNAL TO THE ELLIPTICAL WINDOW, THE GATEWAY TO THE INNER EAR. SOUND WAVES PASS THROUGH THE LIQUID-FILLED INNER EAR, INCLUDING THE SEMICIRCULAR CANALS AND COCHLEA, WHERE THEY ARE INTERPRETED BY THE BRAIN VIA THE AUDITORY NERVE. THE INNER EAR ALSO PLAYS A ROLE IN BALANCE THROUGH ITS FLUID. PROTECTION AGAINST DAMAGING SOUNDS, EXCEEDING 80 DB, INVOLVES MEASURES LIKE WEARING EARPLUGS, EAR MUFFS, LIMITING EXPOSURE TIME, AND INCREASING DISTANCE FROM THE SOURCE. **- Pitch-determine by frequency, the high frequency the higher of the pitch
  • Volume-determined by amplitude, the higher altitude the louder sound
  • Tone-determined by how regular the sound waves are, the regular the soundwave** **the better the tone or quality of the sound.
  • Ultrasound: sound with frequencies that are higher than you audible to the** human ear(higher than 20 khertz Electromagnetic radiation(light) Is caused by accelerating charges which have a changing magnetic field around them that induces a perpendicular changing electric field which then induces a changing magnetic field. Has energy associated with it therefore transfers energy. Doesn’t need a medium to travel and can travel through a vacuum. Speed of light in a vacuum(c)= EM spectrum The range of frequencies of EMF radiation

3 × 10

Temporary magnets: do not maintain their magnetism electromagnets Ferromagnetic materials: materials that form permanent magnets or are attracted to magnets Magnetic field :A region in space in which a magnet or ferromagnetic material will experience a magnetic force Drawing magnetic field lines Field lines cannot cross Field lines go from north to south Field lines are denser(stronger )at the poles

  1. Whole magnet
  2. Like poles
  3. unlike poles The earths magnetic field North pole is north because it attracts the north pole of a magnet therefore magnetically it is a south pole South Pole is South because it attracts the south pole of a magnet therefore magnetically it is a north pole Solar wind: stream of charge particles released from the upper atmosphere of the sun called Corona Coronal mass injection CME: significantly release of plasma and magnetic field from the solar corona The angle of declination is the angle between the geographic multiple and the magnetic multiple CME collides with the Earth magnetosphere. Most of the plasma is deflected around the earths magnetic field. Some is trapped in the magnetosphere and is funnelled back to the Earth along the field lines which originate at the poles. These charged particles collide with N and O and ionise them causing a radiation of energy in the form of light (aurora)

Electrostatics(the study of charge that is static ) Neutral: protons= electrons Positively charged: less electrons(lost electrons) Negatively charged: excessive(gained electrons) Insulator: a substance that doesn’t allow the flow of charge through it Conductor:a substance that allows flow of charge through it Charging by friction involves rubbing materials together, leading to electron transfer. This results in one material losing electrons and the other gaining them, causing opposite charges. Opposite charges attract, causing the materials to be attracted to each other. A charge cannot be created or destroyed but can be transferred The trouble electro series tells us what charge different materials are likely to become Materials like Plastic=negatively charged Cloth=positively charged Polarisation(induction): when an object becomes attracted to a charged object. It becomes induced with charged Electrostatic forces-forces charges Two factors that affect electrostatic force between two objects The magnitude of the charges: greater charge= greater electrostatic force The distance between the charges: greater distance= smaller electrostatic Principle of conservation of charge the net charge of an isolated system remains constant during the physical process Principle of charge quantisation all charges in the universe consists of a negative multiple of the charge on the one electron charge of an electron 1.6 × 10 − 19 C, References Gr10_ physicalscience_ learner_eng Siyavula