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HARVARD REFERENCING EXAMPLES
RMIT University Library Updated: January 2021 Important: This is a guide only. To avoid losing marks:
- Confirm referencing requirements of your school with your lecturer
- Use Snooks & Co 2002, Style manual: for authors, editors and printers , 6th edn, John Wiley & Sons, Milton QLD to clarify referencing rules or if you need more examples. This guide is based on this publication. Harvard is an author-date referencing style. You need to follow this style when acknowledging your information sources. Harvard style requires in-text references and the reference list. In-text references appear within the body of the document. They include the author(s) family name and the year of publication, with extra details if required, such as page numbers. A reference list provides full details of all in-text references at the end of the document. HARVARD REFERENCING EXAMPLES.................................................................................................................................... 1 IN-TEXT REFERENCES.......................................................................................................................................................... 2 GENERAL RULES............................................................................................................................................................................... 2 BOOK WITH SINGLE AUTHOR............................................................................................................................................................... 3 BOOK WHOSE AUTHOR IS AN ORGANISATION......................................................................................................................................... 3 BOOK WITH NO KNOWN AUTHOR........................................................................................................................................................ 4 BOOK WITH TWO OR THREE AUTHORS.................................................................................................................................................. 4 BOOK WITH FOUR OR MORE AUTHORS................................................................................................................................................. 4 MULTIPLE BOOKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR.............................................................................................................................................. 4 BOOK CHAPTER................................................................................................................................................................................ 4 E-BOOK.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 5 E-BOOK FROM A LIBRARY DATABASE (HTML FORMAT)........................................................................................................................... 5 E-BOOK FROM A WEBSITE (HTML FORMAT)......................................................................................................................................... 5 ENCYCLOPEDIA OR DICTIONARY ENTRY WITHOUT AN AUTHOR................................................................................................................... 5 ENCYCLOPEDIA OR DICTIONARY ENTRY WITH AN AUTHOR........................................................................................................................ 6 BROCHURE OR PAMPHLET.................................................................................................................................................................. 6 EXHIBITION CATALOGUE..................................................................................................................................................................... 6 JOURNAL ARTICLE WITH SINGLE AUTHOR............................................................................................................................................... 6 JOURNAL ARTICLE WITH TWO OR THREE AUTHORS.................................................................................................................................. 6 JOURNAL ARTICLE WITH FOUR OR MORE AUTHORS................................................................................................................................. 7 E-JOURNAL ARTICLES......................................................................................................................................................................... 7 JOURNAL ARTICLE FROM A LIBRARY ONLINE DATABASE (HTML FORMAT)................................................................................................... 7 JOURNAL ARTICLE FROM A WEBPAGE (HTML FORMAT).......................................................................................................................... 7 PRINTED NEWSPAPER ARTICLE WITH NO AUTHOR................................................................................................................................... 8 PRINTED NEWSPAPER ARTICLE WITH A KNOWN AUTHOR.......................................................................................................................... 8 NEWSPAPER ARTICLE FROM A LIBRARY DATABASE (HTML FORMAT)......................................................................................................... 8 NEWSPAPER ARTICLE FROM A WEBPAGE (HTML FORMAT)...................................................................................................................... 9 BLOG OR BLOG POST......................................................................................................................................................................... 9 SOCIAL MEDIA................................................................................................................................................................................. 9 WEBPAGE OR DOCUMENT................................................................................................................................................................ 10 qspzya-harvard_referencing_examples.docx Available at: https://www.rmit.edu.au/library/study/referencing RMIT University Library Updated: 18/01/
AUSTRALIAN BUREAU OF STATISTICS REPORT...................................................................................................................................... 10 GOVERNMENT OR ORGANISATION REPORT.......................................................................................................................................... 10 STANDARDS................................................................................................................................................................................... 11 COMPANY, INDUSTRY OR MARKET REPORT FROM A LIBRARY DATABASE................................................................................................... 11 COMPANY, INDUSTRY OR MARKET REPORT FROM A WEBSITE.................................................................................................................. 11 DVD FILM OR TELEVISION PROGRAM................................................................................................................................................. 12 PODCAST...................................................................................................................................................................................... 12 STREAMING VIDEO / YOUTUBE VIDEO................................................................................................................................................ 12 SOUND RECORDING........................................................................................................................................................................ 12 IMAGES........................................................................................................................................................................................ 13 OTHER SOURCES............................................................................................................................................................................. 18 CONFERENCE PAPER........................................................................................................................................................................ 18 DATASET....................................................................................................................................................................................... 18 LECTURE NOTES / COURSE MATERIALS................................................................................................................................................ 18 LEGAL MATERIAL AND PATENTS......................................................................................................................................................... 19 STUDENT’S OWN WORK................................................................................................................................................................... 19 THESIS.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 20 MULTIPLE WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR(S) IN THE SAME YEAR.............................................................................................................. 20 WORKS BY DIFFERENT FIRST AUTHORS WITH THE SAME FAMILY NAME..................................................................................................... 20 MULTIPLE CITATIONS IN A SINGLE SENTENCE....................................................................................................................................... 20 PERSONAL COMMUNICATION............................................................................................................................................................ 20 SECONDARY CITATIONS.................................................................................................................................................................... 20 REFERENCE LIST................................................................................................................................................................ 21 GENERAL RULES............................................................................................................................................................................. 21 EXAMPLE OF REFERENCE LIST............................................................................................................................................................ 21 BOOKS.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 22 JOURNAL ARTICLES.......................................................................................................................................................................... 25 NEWSPAPER ARTICLES..................................................................................................................................................................... 26 SOCIAL MEDIA OR WEBPAGES........................................................................................................................................................... 27 REPORTS AND STANDARDS............................................................................................................................................................... 29 AUDIO VISUAL MATERIAL................................................................................................................................................................. 30 IMAGES........................................................................................................................................................................................ 32 OTHER SOURCES............................................................................................................................................................................. 33
IN-TEXT REFERENCES
General rules
Use in-text references to acknowledge each author or source of information (print or online) used within your writing either by paraphrasing or using a direct quote. In-text reference details include the author(s) family name (or company or organisation name, if the author is a company or organisation) and year of publication, with extra information if required, such as page numbers. An in-text reference can be inserted at the beginning, middle or end of a sentence. If the author is integrated as part of the sentence, only the date (and page number for direct quote) is in parentheses immediately after the author's name. Use an ampersand (&) when listing authors in parentheses. For example: (Lewis & Lewis 2015). Use the full word 'and' when mentioning an author(s) in a sentence. For example: Lewis and Lewis (2015) .... qspzya-harvard_referencing_examples.docx Available at: https://www.rmit.edu.au/library/study/referencing RMIT University Library Updated: 18/01/
Book with no known author
In place of the author, reference the book title and the year. Italicise the book title. Direct quote
Higher education in Australia: the facts (2004, p. 23) claims that Australia is ‘a major provider of
international education and training services’.
Paraphrasing
Australia has a growing role in the education of international students ( Higher education in Australia:
the facts 2004).
Book with two or three authors
Direct quote
Lewis and Lewis (2015, p. 4) argue 'that the media is implicated in all health promotion strategies'.
Paraphrasing
To assist with health promotion, health care workers need an understanding of the media (Lewis &
Lewis 2015).
Remember : use an ampersand (&) when listing authors in round brackets. Use the full word ‘and’ when mentioning authors in a sentence.
Book with four or more authors
For in-text citations, give only the first author's family name, followed by "et al." and the publication year. Direct quote
Haslam et al. (2013, p. 78) argues 'that wealth accumulation matters, because it provides the financial
foundation upon which to secure income ...'.
Paraphrasing
Accounting numbers are used as a managerial tool (Haslam et al. 2013).
Multiple books by the same author
Order the citations of two or more works by placing the publication years after the author name in chronological order. Paraphrasing
The adoption of creative industries has been driven by policy disclosure (Flew 2013, 2014).
Book chapter
When using a book chapter in an in-text reference, use the author(s) details of the chapter and not the editor(s) details of the book. If there is no chapter author, use the title of the chapter instead of the author details in the in-text reference and in the reference list. If you use an edited book (where the chapters have no identifying author(s) details) in an in-text reference, use the editor(s) family name(s) as the author(s). qspzya-harvard_referencing_examples.docx Available at: https://www.rmit.edu.au/library/study/referencing RMIT University Library Updated: 18/01/
Direct quote
'Business groups have been seen as both the powerhouses behind Japanese industrialization and the
culprits behind Japan’s decade-long inertia' (Ahmadjian 2006, p. 29).
Paraphrasing
Ahmadjian (2006) noted that there has been disagreement over the influence of Japanese business
groups on the economy.
E-book
E-books with full-page format/imaging (PDF) are referenced in the same way as printed books.
E-book from a Library database (HTML format)
Direct quote If no page number is available, include the location of the quote using a section heading or chapter number. The word chapter can be abbreviated to ch.
'A contested concept like online game addiction has many stakeholders, and academic discourse is only
one of many that influence how we think about this topic' (Karlsen 2013, p. 29).
Paraphrasing
The topic of online gaming addiction can be considered through academic disclosure and other
stakeholders (Karlsen 2013).
E-book from a website (HTML format)
Direct quote If no page number is available, include the location of the quote using a chapter number and/or section heading, and paragraph number. The word paragraph can be abbreviated to para. and the word chapter can be abbreviated to ch.
Shann (1948, ch. 1, para. 2) argues that 'neither legal restrictions nor isolation made the "settlers from
convicts" better able to read the riddle of agriculture in a climate fruitful at times but fatally capricious'.
Paraphrasing
The work by Shann (1948) provides a history of Australia's economy at the time of Governor Phillip.
Encyclopedia or dictionary entry without an author
If there is no author, cite the encyclopedia or dictionary title and the year. Italicise the encyclopedia or dictionary title. Direct quote If no page number is available, add the title of the entry.
The ABC system is used 'to explain the genetic control of floral organ determination during flower
development' ( Dictionary of biology 2014, ABC model entry).
Paraphrasing
During flower development, the ABC model is often used to explain how four genes can change a flower
organ into another form ( Dictionary of biology 2014).
Encyclopedia or dictionary entries without an author do not need to be included in the reference list. qspzya-harvard_referencing_examples.docx Available at: https://www.rmit.edu.au/library/study/referencing RMIT University Library Updated: 18/01/
Direct quote
‘Sustainability engineering can be broadly defined as the integration of sustainability issues in the
various activities associated with engineering practice' (Gagnon, Leduc & Savard 2012, p. 50).
Paraphrasing
In engineering, the definition of sustainable development will change as different interpretations of the
concept are utilised (Gagnon, Leduc & Savard 2012).
Journal article with four or more authors
For four or more authors, give only the first author's family name, followed by "et al." and the publication year in the in-text reference. Direct quote
'Provide scientists and scientific institutions with insights into the ingredients of successful social media
engagement in science communication' (Hwong et al. 2017, p. 480).
Paraphrasing
Hwong et al. (2017) found that using photographs, videos and hashtags on Twitter is beneficial when
engaging with the science community.
E-journal articles
E-journal articles with full-page format/imaging (PDF) are referenced in the same way as printed journal articles.
Journal article from a Library online database (HTML format)
For two or three authors, use the full word ‘and’ when mentioning authors in a sentence. Use an ampersand (&) when listing authors in round brackets. For four or more authors, give only the first author's family name, followed by "et al." and the publication year in the in-text reference. If there is no author(s), reference the title of the article and the year. Enclose the title of the article in single inverted commas (quotation marks) (for example (`Tackling knife crime' 2010)). Direct quote If no page number is available, include the location of the quote using a paragraph number or section heading. The word paragraph can be abbreviated to para.
'Results broadly apply to managers in the tourism, hospitality, and service industries' (Hosany & Martin
2012, Managerial implications section).
Paraphrasing
The expectation of tourists ... (Hosany & Martin 2012).
Journal article from a webpage (HTML format)
For two or three authors, use the full word ‘and’ when mentioning authors in a sentence. Use an ampersand (&) when listing authors in round brackets. For four or more authors, give only the first author's family name, followed by "et al." and the publication year in the in-text reference. qspzya-harvard_referencing_examples.docx Available at: https://www.rmit.edu.au/library/study/referencing RMIT University Library Updated: 18/01/
If there is no author(s), reference the title of the article and the year. Enclose the title of the article in single inverted commas (quotation marks) (for example (`Tackling knife crime' 2010)). Direct quote If no page number is available, include the location of the quote using a paragraph number or section heading. The word paragraph can be abbreviated to para.
Ogilvy (2011, para. 13) is 'less concerned with the means, or with issues of equity, than with the
aspiration in the first place'.
Paraphrasing
Ogilvy (2011) suggests that the tools and techniques for human enhancement need to be selected more
carefully.
Printed newspaper article with no author
If there is no author, reference the newspaper title and the date and year (for example: 2 October 2016). Italicise the newspaper title. A newspaper article without an author does not need to be included in the reference list. Direct quote
'Australia's aged-care system is revealing itself to be all too frequently woefully ineffective in meeting
the needs of those who rely on its services' ( The Sunday Age 2 October 2016, p. 25).
Paraphrasing
Aged care providers are starting to introduce new fee schemes in response to changes to Federal
government funding ( The Sunday Age 2 October 2016).
Printed newspaper article with a known author
Direct quote
'Australians are piling into Melbourne's central business district at a record rate' (Martin 2014, p. 2).
Paraphrasing
The City of Melbourne's population increased by 10.5 percent in the period between July 2012 and June
2013 (Martin 2014).
Newspaper article from a Library database (HTML format)
Newspaper articles from Library databases with full-page format/imaging (PDF) are cited in the same way as printed newspaper articles. If there is no author(s) for a newspaper article from a Library database, follow the guidelines for a printed newspaper article (with no author). Direct quote If no page number is available, include the location of the quote using a paragraph number or section heading. The word paragraph can be abbreviated to para.
Carney (2012, p. 23) stated that 'it [was not] enough that Gillard would produce the measures that
Wilkie wanted, she also had to guarantee that they would become law'.
qspzya-harvard_referencing_examples.docx Available at: https://www.rmit.edu.au/library/study/referencing RMIT University Library Updated: 18/01/
Direct quote
In relation to the Supreme Court vacancy in the United States, the Barack Obama Twitter account stated
that 'it [is] time for Senate leaders to put politics aside and fill the Supreme Court vacancy' (Obama
Paraphrasing
Peter Smith (2015) updated his Facebook page on the 25 April with a link to ...
Webpage or document
As details will vary for webpages or web documents, try to extract as much information as you can about authorship and publication information etc. If a webpage or web document does not have an author(s) (individual or corporate), start with the title of the document in italics followed by the date. If there is no date, use n.d. Direct quote If no page number is available, include the location of the quote using a paragraph number or section heading. The word paragraph can be abbreviated to para.
The tables are intended 'to aid technical decisions with respect to the national vaccination schedule'
(World Health Organization 2014, para. 8).
Paraphrasing
For immunization program recommendations refer to the information maintained by the World Health
Organization (World Health Organization 2014).
Australian Bureau of Statistics report
For author details, use the full name of the Australian Bureau of Statistics rather than the abbreviation ABS. Direct quote If no page number is available, include the location of the quote using a paragraph number or section heading. The word paragraph can be abbreviated to para.
'A major driving force in human activity is the desire for optimal health, better living conditions and
improved quality of life' (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2011, Society section).
Paraphrasing
According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics (2011) the life expectancy for a female born in 2010 will
be 84 years.
Government or organisation report
Government reports may include departmental reports, reports of commissions of inquiry, committees of review and committees of parliament. As details will vary for government or organisation reports, try to extract as much information as you can about authorship and publication information etc. qspzya-harvard_referencing_examples.docx Available at: https://www.rmit.edu.au/library/study/referencing RMIT University Library Updated: 18/01/
Direct quote If no page number is available, include the location of the quote using a paragraph number or section heading. The word paragraph can be abbreviated to para.
This 'review provides an opportunity to reflect on the lessons that can be learned from the first five
years of the TEQSA Act’s operation' (Department of Education and Training 2016, para. 3).
Paraphrasing
The review into the impact of the Tertiary Education Quality and Standards Agency Act 2011 will
examine ... (Department of Education and Training 2016).
Standards
Direct quote If no page number is available, include the location of the quote using a paragraph number or section heading. The word paragraph can be abbreviated to para.
'For single or upper storey construction, the spacing of bracing elements, measured at right angles to
elements, shall not exceed 9000 mm' (Standards Australia 2010, p. 11).
Paraphrasing
For procedures and practices relating to timber framed constructions in non-cyclonic areas refer to ...
(Standards Australia 2010).
Company, industry or market report from a Library database
As details will vary for company, industry or market reports, try to extract as much information as you can about authorship and publication information etc. Direct quote If no page number is available, include the location of the quote using a paragraph number or section heading. The word paragraph can be abbreviated to para.
'Internet services are provided via dial-up, integrated services digital network (ISDN) and fixed
broadband connections' (Lo 2016, p. 2).
Paraphrasing
Lo (2016) claims that the industry will increase ...
Company, industry or market report from a website
As details will vary for company, industry or market reports, try to extract as much information as you can about authorship and publication information etc. Where there is no author, use the name of the company or organisation responsible for the report. Direct quote If no page number is available, include the location of the quote using a paragraph number or section heading. The word paragraph can be abbreviated to para.
'Coles is our largest consumer business and its relationship with food and grocery suppliers in Australia
continues to be the focus of some attention' (WesFarmers Limited 2015, Sourcing section).
qspzya-harvard_referencing_examples.docx Available at: https://www.rmit.edu.au/library/study/referencing RMIT University Library Updated: 18/01/
Direct quote
The first line of Patti Smith's version of Gloria 'Jesus died for somebody's sins but not mine' is
interpreted as ... (Smith 1975).
Paraphrasing
Patti Smith’s 1975 album Horses is interpreted as her introduction to the punk movement (Smith 1975).
Images
General rules for images RMIT Harvard includes the following within the definition of images and figures: drawings and illustrations paintings photographs posters and prints maps graphs tables charts infographics General rules Number figures consecutively throughout your work using Arabic numerals, 1, 2, 3 and so on, taking care to order them as they appear within the body of text. The first figure is labelled Figure 1, the second, Figure 2, the third, Figure 3 and so on. Do NOT label figures with suffix letters such as Figure 5a, instead use, Figure 5.1. Below the figure place a caption that includes:
- the figure number (in bold )
- title of the figure in italics (if unknown give a short description)
- author/creator of the figure
- year of work (if unknown use n.d.)
- material type (if known)
- creative commons/copyright statement (if applicable) Book / Journal article Paraphrasing When citing figures in the text of your work, you need to acknowledge them in two places:
- within the written body of your paper, as you would for a normal in-text reference, and
- in the figure layout Refer to the figure by its assigned number and include a page number. Do NOT refer to the figure as “the Figure above/below”, or “the Figure on page 17”. As shown in Figure 1... (Gorman 2001, p. 69). Figure 1 illustrates... (Gorman 2001, p. 69). qspzya-harvard_referencing_examples.docx Available at: https://www.rmit.edu.au/library/study/referencing RMIT University Library Updated: 18/01/
For example, Aubrey Beardsley's drawing, The Stomach Dance (Gorman 2001, p. 69) has linear qualities that resemble... Figure layout A figure from a book/journal article will include a caption with the following elements below the figure: label of figure in bold (e.g. Figure 1 ) title of figure in italics author(s)/creator(s) full name, preceded by the word 'by' year of figure (if known) material type (if known) Figure 1: The Stomach Dance by Aubrey Beardsley, 1893, line block print. Webpage Paraphrasing
When citing figures in the text of your work, you need to acknowledge them in two places:
1. within the written body of your paper, as you would for a normal in-text reference, and
2. in the figure layout
Refer to the figure by its assigned number. Do NOT refer to the figure as “the Figure above/below”, or
“the Figure on page 17”.
As shown in Figure 2... (Burn 1861).
Figure 2 illustrates... (Burn 1861).
The painting, Swanston Street from the Bridge expresses... (Burn 1861).
Figure layout
A figure from a webpage will include a caption with the following elements below the figure:
label of figure in bold (e.g. Figure 2 ) title of figure in italics author(s)/creator(s) full name, preceded by the word 'by' year of figure (if known) material type (if known) qspzya-harvard_referencing_examples.docx Available at: https://www.rmit.edu.au/library/study/referencing RMIT University Library Updated: 18/01/
Refer to the figure by its assigned number. Do NOT refer to the figure as “the Figure above/below”, or “the Figure on page 17”. As shown in Figure 4... (Mari 2009). Figure 4 demonstrates... (Mari 2009). The photograph, Bilbao_6: Guggenheim Museum Bilbao shows... (Mari 2009). Figure layout A creative commons figure will include a caption with the following elements below the figure: label of figure in bold (e.g. Figure 4 ) title of figure in italics author(s)/creator(s) full name, preceded by the word 'by' year of figure (if known) material type (if known) copyright statement and creative commons license Figure 4: Bilbao_6: Guggenheim Museum Bilbao by Mari (Maria Giovanna Colli), 2009, photograph. Copyright 2009 by Mari (Maria Giovanna Colli). CC BY 2.0. Maps Maps taken from an online source can include: Digitised maps that originate from a print source such as old maps and are made available in an electronic format by museums, galleries and libraries. Web maps that use satellite imagery and GPS data and are taken from online navigation and mapping sites such as Google Maps. When citing figures such as maps in the text of your work, you need to acknowledge them in two places:
- within the written body of your paper, as you would for a normal in-text reference, and
- in the figure layout Refer to the figure by its assigned number. Do NOT refer to the figure as “the Figure above/below”, or “the Figure on page 17”. Digitised map Paraphrasing As shown in Figure 5... (Kearney 1855). Figure 5 demonstrates... (Kearney 1855). The map, Melbourne and its suburbs: map 1 [cartographic material] shows... (Kearney 1855). qspzya-harvard_referencing_examples.docx Available at: https://www.rmit.edu.au/library/study/referencing RMIT University Library Updated: 18/01/
Figure layout A digitised map will include a caption with the following elements below the figure: label of figure in bold (e.g. Figure 5 ) title of figure in italics author(s)/creator(s) full name, preceded by the word 'by' year of figure (if known) material type (if known) Figure 5: Melbourne and its suburbs: map 1 [cartographic material] by James Kearney, 1855, digitised map. Web Map Paraphrasing As shown in Figure 6... (VicPlan 2020). Figure 6 demonstrates... (VicPlan 2020). The web map, Plenty Road Bundoora 3083 highlights... (VicPlan 2020). Figure layout A web map will include a caption with the following elements below the figure: label of figure in bold (e.g. Figure 6 ) title of figure in italics author(s)/creator(s) full name, preceded by the word 'by' year of figure (if known) material type (if known) Figure 6: Plenty Road Bundoora 3083 by VicPlan, 2020, web map. qspzya-harvard_referencing_examples.docx Available at: https://www.rmit.edu.au/library/study/referencing RMIT University Library Updated: 18/01/
Legal material and patents
Direct quote For a piece of legislation, include the location of the quote using a section or subsection number or a regulation or sub-regulation number. The words section or sections can be abbreviated to s. or ss. The words regulation or regulations can be abbreviated to r. or rr. Use the full words of section(s) or regulation(s) at the start of a sentence. For a legal case, include the location of the quote using a page number. To specify a page number, use the word 'at' rather than p. For example: Beasley v Francis (2008) 237 CLR 1 at 72-8. If no page number is available, use a paragraph number. The word paragraph can be abbreviated to para.
Section 55 of the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth) states that ‘...there is a guarantee that the
goods are reasonably fit for any disclosed purpose, and for any purpose for which the supplier
represents that they are reasonably fit...'.
Paraphrasing
The Australian Copyright Council initiated a test case against the University of NSW ( University of New
South Wales v Moorhouse and Angus & Robertson (Publishers) Pty Ltd (1975) 133 CLR 1).
Student’s own work
You should include the use of scholarly sources in your written assessments to adhere to best academic integrity practice. Citing yourself as an authority on your own opinion should be avoided. Note: Check first with your lecturer, or teacher, if it is permissible to cite your previously submitted work.
Remember that when submitting work, you will be asked to agree to the Assessment Declaration Opens
in new window
If you cite or quote your previous work, treat yourself as the author and your own previous course work as an unpublished paper. Paraphrasing When paraphrasing in-text, include your family name and year of previous work in brackets. Or, if referring to your family name in the body of the text, then just include the year of previous work in brackets immediately after your family name. For example, if Jane Smith wanted to cite a paper she wrote at RMIT University in 2018 her in-text reference may look like this: Studies indicate that … (Smith 2018). Smith (2018) noted that … If your original work contained citations from other sources, you would need to include those same citations in the new work as well. If Jane Smith's earlier paper had cited Presley and Johnson, for example, it may look like this: According to Smith (2018), psychologists such as Presley and Johnson (2009) … Direct quote For direct quote in-text, place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the page number from the previous work. qspzya-harvard_referencing_examples.docx Available at: https://www.rmit.edu.au/library/study/referencing RMIT University Library Updated: 18/01/
'Risk taking behaviours align neatly with certain personality traits or disorders' (Smith 2018, p. 3).
Thesis
Direct quote
Khoo (2013, p. 4) argues that 'the idea of a responsive and form-changing architectural surface
challenges the materiality of a physical architecture'.
Paraphrasing
The research conducted by Khoo (2013) examines ....
Multiple works by the same author(s) in the same year
Insert a letter (starting with the letter ‘a’) after the year. In the reference list, include the same letter after each year of publication.
It is argued that ... (Jamison 1991a).
Jamison (1991b) states that …
Jamison (1991a, 1991b) provides chiropractic information for diagnosing and health promotion.
Works by different first authors with the same family name
In a single document, to identify works by different first authors with the same family name insert the initial(s) of the first authors’ given name(s). In the reference list, order works by different first authors with the same family name by the year of publication.
It is argued that ... (Fitzgerald, B 2010) but A. Fitzgerald and Eliades (2015) claim that ...
Multiple citations in a single sentence
List all citations alphabetically, separated by a semi-colon (;).
It has been claimed that … (Carroll 2012; Chalkley et al. 2012; Kuratko, Goldsby & Hornsby 2012).
Personal communication
Include personal communication, such as face-to-face interviews, conversations, telephone calls, letters or emails, in an in-text reference. Information about personal communication must be included in the in-text reference. Include the type of personal communication (for example, personal conversation, email, interview, telephone conversation) and the date in a date-month-year format. Personal conversation can be abbreviated to pers. conv. and a telephone conversation can be abbreviated to tel. conv. However, personal communication references do not need to be included in the reference list.
My field placement supervisor commented ‘… ‘ (CM Burns 2014, pers. conv., 20 April).
Ms Merrick (Melville Shire Council CEO) confirmed the details by email on 25 April 2014.
Secondary citations
Use a secondary citation to acknowledge the work of an author(s) that has been directly quoted or paraphrased in another author(s) work. qspzya-harvard_referencing_examples.docx Available at: https://www.rmit.edu.au/library/study/referencing RMIT University Library Updated: 18/01/
