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HESI A2: PREREQUISITE KNOWLEDGE
DECODING — THE FOUNDATIONAL TENETS
FOR TERMINAL PROGRAM ATTESTATION.
⫸ The body, at all times, attempts to maintain homeostasis. The best definition of homeostasis is: a) a process that maintains the stability of the human body's internal environment in response to changes in internal and external conditions b) a function via which the body breaks down glucose to use as energy c)a process that maintains the immune system's defenses d) a process in which the body resists change to genetic structure Answer: a) a process that maintains the stability of the human body's internal environment in response to changes in internal and external conditions ⫸ The endocrine system of the body is responsible for: a) defense through the use of antibodies b) communication through the use of hormones c) metabolism through the use of enzymes d) blood flow through the use of the heart muscle Answer: b) communication through the use of hormones
⫸ Anatomical position shows the body in a(n) ________ position. a) lateral b) superior c) anterior d) posterior Answer: c) anterior ⫸ Vitamin K is created in the: a) liver b) lungs c) intestinal tract d) pancreas Answer: c) intestinal tract ⫸ The largest organ in the body is the ________. a) skin b) GI tract c) femur d) stomach Answer: a) skin ⫸ A medical scientists wants to study the parenchyma of the kidney. This scientist would correctly be known, most specifically, as a: a) biologist b) doctor c) anatomist d) histologist Answer: d) histologist
b) sarcomeres contain muscle cells c) muscle cells contain myofibrils, which in turn are made up of sarcomeres d) muscle cells contain sarcomeres, which in turn are made up of myofibrils Answer: c) muscle cells contain myofibrils, which in turn are made up of sarcomeres ⫸ A person who has torn their vastus lateralis muscle will need which of the following? a) an arm sling b) a cane or crutches c) insulin d) a neck brace Answer: b) a cane or crutches The vastus lateralis muscle is a voluntary muscle in the legs. It is part of the quadriceps. ⫸ Muscles produce contraction due to the sliding of: a) filaments b) sarcomeres c) flexors d) neutrons Answer: a) filaments During muscle contraction, filaments slide together by using energy supplied by ATP.
⫸ The medulla oblongata has what primary responsibility? a) balance b) intellect c) vital functions d) sensory input Answer: c) vital functions The medulla oblongata is responsible for basic vital functions, including respiration and heart rate. ⫸ Which of the following is true about simple reflexes? a) they travel through the entire body b) they travel only through the spinal cord c) they travel only through the brain d) they do not travel and remain localized Answer: b) they travel only through the spinal cord Simple reflexes, known also as spinal reflexes, travel only through the spinal cord, and do not reach the brain. ⫸ What is the primary role of estrogen in the female reproductive system? a) it initiates the preparation of the endometrium for pregnancy b) it triggers the release of the egg from the ovary c) it causes fertilization
⫸ The spinal cord reaches from the base of the skull to the first or second lumbar vertebra. The base of the skull is also known as: a) foremen magnum b) filaments c) cerebellum d) corpus callosum Answer: a) foremen magnum ⫸ Cyclic adenosine monophosphate is a substance that performs which of the following? a) acts as part of the cell membrane b) acts as energy for the cell c) acts as a secondary messenger d) acts as a hormone Answer: c) acts as a secondary messenger (cyclic AMP) ⫸ The neuron is composed of a/n ________, which transmits signals toward the cell body, and a/n ________, which transmits signals away from the cell body. Answer: - dendrite, axon ⫸ The pectoralis major muscle is located in which general area? Answer: - the chest ⫸ The soleus muscle is located in which general area? Answer: - the legs
⫸ Which of the following is responsible for differentiation, or specialization, of cells? a) platelets b) hormones c) neurons d) brain cells Answer: b) hormones ⫸ What makes up the alimentary canal? Answer: - it consists of mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus. (digestive tract) ⫸ A woman's body usually ovulates around what day in a normal 30- day cycle? Answer: - day 14 ⫸ Sperm, once created, are stored in an area of the male body called the ________. Answer: - epididymis ⫸ Which of these is the best analogy describing the function of the kidneys? a) a waste treatment plant b) a control center c) a medical facility
Ossicles are part of the ear, the mandible is the only moveable bone of the skull, and there are only two nasal bones. ⫸ A patient of yours is diagnosed with emphysema. In emphysema, the alveoli have trouble exchanging gases between the atmosphere and the blood. It would be true to say that this patient has difficulty with what type of respiration? Answer: - external External respiration is the exchange of gases by the alveoli between the atmosphere and the blood. ⫸ Deflections of the EKG represent which of the following? a) the contraction of the heat b) the relaxation of the heat c) the electrical activity that precedes contraction and relaxation d) they physical movement that precedes contraction and relaxation Answer: c) the electrical activity that precedes contraction and relaxation ⫸ Follicle-stimulating hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone are what type of hormones? Answer: - tropic Tropic hormones act on other endocrine glands. ⫸ What is the purpose of the mastication of food? Answer: - to increase its surface area
Increasing the food's surface area promotes easier digestion by letting enzymes get to every portion of it. ⫸ What stimulates the interstitial cells of the testicles to produce testosterone? Answer: - LH (luteinizing hormones) ⫸ Inhalation requires the contraction of what surface? Answer: - the diaphragm ⫸ Which type of muscle is found in the walls of organs such as the stomach and intestines? Answer: smooth visceral muscle ⫸ A bone that is part of the upper limbs is a. metatarsal b. metacarpal c. tibia d. fibula Answer: b. metacarpal ⫸ The normal amount of urine produced in a 24-hour period is approximately Answer: 1,500-2,000 ml ⫸ What element of the blood is a factor in phagocytosis? Answer: white blood cells
⫸ The pancreas secretes hormones that Answer: regulate glucose in the blood ⫸ Thin fingerlike projections that line part of the duodenum and all of the jejunum and ileum are called Answer: villi ⫸ How many bones are in the cervical vertebrae? Answer: 7 ⫸ How many bones are in the thoracic vertebrae? Answer: 12 ⫸ How many bones are in the lumbar vertebrae? Answer: 5 ⫸ The latissimus dorsi are found in the Answer: shoulders ⫸ Striated muscles attach to Answer: bones ⫸ When air enters the bronchi, it travels to the Answer: bronchioles ⫸ Bones are classified according to Answer: their shape (tissue type: compact or spongy) (shape: long, short, flat, or irregular) ⫸ Which of the following is NOT a function of the digestive tract? a) to use enzymes to break down food b) to perform gas exchange
c) to remove waste from the body d) to use peristalsis to move food along Answer: b) to perform gas exchange Gas exchange is a function of the respiratory system
