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HIEU 2031 END OF COURSE 2025/2026 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Metic - ✔✔Who/What? Resident alien in a Greek state. Although they lacked citizenship, metics mingled comfortably in Athenian society and were often called on for help in wartime. The women known as hetairai were generally metics, though most ____ women were probably housewives. When? 5th and 4th century? Where? Athens Significance? Acted as merchants? ✔✔Pericles - ✔✔Who/What? Athenian statesman. He was the central ruler of Athens during its golden age. He was the central patron behind many of their achievements. He was also a very skilled speaker. When? 495-429 BC Where? Athens Significance?Pericles had such a profound influence on Athenian society that Thucydides, his contemporary historian, acclaimed him as "the first citizen of Athens". Pericles turned the Delian League into an Athenian empire and led his countrymen during the first two years of the Peloponnese War. Thuc. remarks that if Athens had listened to him they could have won the war. ✔✔Liturgy - ✔✔Who/What? Indirect system of taxation whereby the rich were required to spend their own money in the service of the state. The most expensive was the trierarchy, which required a man to maintain a trireme for a year and to pay for the training of the crew. When? 5th century? Where? Athens Significance? They included financing the training of a chorus for dramatic performances or financing a delegation to a religious festival in another state. ✔✔Oresteia - ✔✔Who/What?A Three play series based on the family of Agamemnon, the Mycenaean king who commanded the Greeks at in the Trojan War-written by Aeschylus, depicting a powerful family (the house of Atreus) torn apart by betrayal, murder and revenge When? Athens Where? originally performed at the Dionysia festival in Athens in 458 BC Significance? advocates the importance of the male role in society over that of the female? ✔✔Dokimasia - ✔✔Who/What? The scrutiny Athenian citizens had to undergo before assuming a position in the government. When? 5th century? Where? Athens. Significance? Political enemies often used this procedure as a means of keeping a man out of public office.
✔✔Aristophanes - ✔✔Who/What?A playwright who wrote comedies including "the clouds and the birds". He was also know for his sharp wit When? 446-386 BC Where? Athens Significance?These, together with fragments of some of his other plays, provide the only real examples of a genre of comic drama known as Old Comedy, and they are used to define the genre (He si the Father of Comedy) ✔✔"First" Peloponnesian War - ✔✔Who/What? An undeclared war between the Athenian and Spartan leagues that really consisted of a series of battles often punctuated by considerable intervals of peace. When?460-445 BC Where? Mainland Greece Significance? The middle years of the First Peloponnesian War marked the peak of Athenian power. The events of 447 and 446, however, destroyed this position, and although not all Athenians gave up their dreams of unipolar control of the Greek world, the peace treaty that ended the war laid out the framework for a bipolar Greece. ✔✔Egyptian Expedition - ✔✔Who/What?Pericles persuaded the Athenians to send ships to Egypt which had rebelled against King Artaxerxes. The campaign dragged on for years, ending in a wretched debacle in 454 after an eighteen month siege in which Artaxerxes' general Megabazus drained the channels around the island, leaving the ships high and dry, and marched across on foot to capture the Athenian sailors. When? 454 BC Where? island of Prosopitis in the Nile Significance?This loss caused great loss in morale as well as loss in life. ✔✔Thirty Years' Peace - ✔✔Who/What?The peace treaty made with Sparta. Five terms: neither state was to interfere with the allies of the other, neutrals were free to join either side, disagreements were to be settled by arbitration, no allies were permitted to switch sides, and each hegemon (alliance leader) was free to use force to resolve conflicts within its own alliance. When? 445 BC Where? b/n Athens and Sparta Significance? Established a bipolar Greece ✔✔Samian Revolt - ✔✔Who/What? Samos rebelled from Athens, which threatened the very continuation of the Athenian Aegean empire. Athens confiscates Samian navy, huge tribute each year and take captives When? 440 BC Where? Samos Significance? Challenged Athens rule, and led up to the Pelop. War ✔✔Megarian Decree - ✔✔Who/What? An embargo passed by the Athenian assembly in against Megarian vessels trading in the Athenian empire.
someone who appeals to the lowest common denominator of a large segment of the population. ✔✔Nicias - ✔✔Who/What? He was an Athenin general who wanted peace. Thats why the Peace treaty was named after him. He was chosen to lead the Sicilian campaigne. Did not want to attack Sicily but did anyway. he was executed at Syracuse When? 470-413 BC Where? Athens Significance? Led to the signing of the Peace Treaty ✔✔Brasidas - ✔✔Who/What?Spartan warhawk in the Peloponnesian war When? Died in 422 BC Where? Sparta Significance? His death paved the way for the peace of Nicias ✔✔Herm - ✔✔Who/What? stone sculpture, usually placed outdoors, serving as a boundary marker, signpost, milestone, or memorial. A herm has a bearded man's head, but no or stunted arms, yet the square slab often holds an erect phallus. When? 6th century BC Where? Athens Significance? Mutilation of the herms - one night before the expedition a group of people goes around and smashes them scares people (they're apotropaic...they turn away evil...so they're scared b/c they think there are people in the city that want oligarch/pro-spartan shit) ✔✔Hetaireiai - ✔✔Who/What? Band of companions. Young men of the upper class frequently belonged to ________, or social clubs with political overtones, often of an antidemocratic nature. When? all throughout? Where? Athens Significance?The mutilation of the herms in 415 was rumered to be the work of such a ________, and the subversive activity of _________ played a part in the oligarchic revolutions of 411 and 404 ✔✔Diodotus - ✔✔Who/What? was an opponent to the proposal of Cleon, stopped Cleon's decision in 427 BC to kill all adult Mytilenean males and to enslave their women and children after the defeat of Mytilene When? 5th century Where?Athens Significance? Represented the moderate faction of Athens ✔✔Demosthenes son of Alcisthenes - ✔✔Who/What? Athenian strategos who decided in 427 to build a fort at Pylos, which included Sphacteria. When? 5th century Where? Athens
Significance? His decision led the Spartans to send the 420 hoplites who would become the Athenians' key bargaining tool ✔✔Battle of Amphipolis - ✔✔Who/What? Conflict that first saw Sparta take the silver mined and then after defend them. The Spartan and Athenian generals both died in this battle. When? 422 BC Where? Amphipolis Significance? Decisive Spartan victory; The Amphipolitans began to regard Brasidas as a hero and the founder of the city.[10] After the battle, neither the Athenians or the Spartans wanted to continue the war (Cleon and Brasidas being the most hawkish members from each side), and the Peace of Nicias was signed in 421 BC ✔✔Gylippus - ✔✔Who/What?Spartan general that led his force to victory in the Sicilian expedition When? 5th century BC Where? Sparta Significance?More daring than Nicias, the Athenian commander he faced, he was able to gain an upper hand by driving the Athenians from key strategic locations and essentially break the siege. When Athens sent Demosthenes with reinforcements, he too was defeated by Gylippus, which ultimately led to the downfall of the Athenian campaign in Syracuse. ✔✔Lamachus - ✔✔Who/What? Third member of Sicilian campaign with Alcibiades and Nicias. Professional general. he died early in the expedition. When? 5th century Where? Athens Significance?The Acharnians and subsequently honoured his memory in The Frogs ✔✔Alcibiades - ✔✔Who/What? Athenian nobleman who persuaded assembly to embark on the Sicilian expedition, a well-connected man often associated with controversy, was banished from Athens many times, switched sides during the Peloponnesian War from Athens to Sparta and back to Athens, latter helped by his infusion of Persian money, murdered in Thrace When? 450 - 404 BC Where? Athens Significance? The Sicilian Expedition was Alcibiades's idea, and scholars have argued that, had that expedition been under Alcibiades's command instead of Nicias', the expedition might not have met its eventual disastrous fate ✔✔Aristophanes' Acharnians - ✔✔Who/What?the third play — and the earliest of the eleven surviving plays — by the Athenian playwright Aristophanes When? 425 BC Where? Athens Significance? Ridicules Pericles
✔✔Tissaphernes - ✔✔Who/What? Satrap of Sardis, one of the two who determined Persian policy towards Greece, courted by Alcibiades on one hand and the Spartans on the other When? 445-395 BC Where? Sardis Significance? formed an alliance with Sparta, and by the next year he had regained most of Ionia. Fearing that a complete victory of Sparta over Athens in the Peloponnesian War would endanger Persian interests, he supplied only limited assistance to his ally. As a result, when the Persian king Darius in 407 decided to support Sparta fully ✔✔Theramenes - ✔✔Who/What? Theramenes was a central figure in four major episodes of Athenian history. He appeared on the scene in 411 BC as one of the leaders of an oligarchic coup, but, as his views and those of the coup's other leaders diverged, he began to oppose their dictates and took the lead in replacing the narrow oligarchy they had imposed with a more broadly based one. had also served as a general When? Died in 404 BC Where? Athens Significance? Thought the 30 were too radical ✔✔Cleophon - ✔✔Who/What?Athenian Statesman known for rejecting peace offerings from Spartans; staunch democrat When? died in 404 BC Where? Athens Significance?Cleophon was made the object of satire by the comic poet Plato in an eponymous play (now lost), and by Aristophanes, a famous Greek playwright in The Frogs. ✔✔Decarchy - ✔✔Who/What? "Ten-man rules" Narrow oligarchies composed of Spartan sympathizers, supported by Spartan garrisons, that were established by Lysander after the Peloponnesian War in a number of cities and were responsible for maintaining their cities' loyalty to Sparta during the last years of the fifth century BC and the early 390s BC When? last years of the 5th century and early 390s Where? Cities now under Spartan rule Significance? Generated resentment against the Spartans for sticking their noses in everything ✔✔Empedocles - ✔✔Who/What? Greek who stated that all matter was composed of 4 elements: earth, air, fire, & water When? 490-430 BC Where? Agrigentum, a Greek city in Sicily Significance?Empedocles' philosophy is best known for being the originator of the cosmogenic theory of the four Classical elements
✔✔Euripides - ✔✔Who/What? A playwright who wrote about 90 tragedies and included strong female characters and smart slaves When? 480-406 BC Where? born in Salamis Significance?he became, in the Hellenistic Age, a cornerstone of ancient literary education, along with Homer, Demosthenes and Menander.[5] ✔✔Eromenos - ✔✔Who/What? "Beloved" younger, subordinate partner in a Greek homosexual relationship When? throughout greek history Where? Greece Significance? He was generally looked upon more harshly and was taught how to assimilate in male society by the erastês, or the older man in the homosexual relationship. ✔✔Socrates - ✔✔Who/What? An Athenian philosopher who thought that human beings could lead honest lives and that honor was far more important than wealth, fame, or other superficial attributes. When? 470-399 BC Where? Athens Significance? introducing the greek civilization to the practise of Dialectic, focus of Plato's Apology ✔✔Dikasteria - ✔✔Who/What?The popular courts. Consisted of 500 jurors chosen by lot. There were no police in Athens so people used these courts to prosecute criminals. When? 5th century? Where? Athens Significance?These courts were frequently used to embarrass or punish one's enemies. ✔✔The 400 - ✔✔Who/What?aristocratic factions who replaced council of 500 and assassinated democrats; When?411 BC Where? Athens Significance? short-lived oligarchy that dissolved in 4 months and were replaced by the 5000 ✔✔The 5000 - ✔✔Who/What?The council of 400 put forward the 5000 citizens but they didn't actually do anything. However they did end up taking over later following the Theramenes incident. Still an oligarchy but more liberal, still no payments for the states. . When? 411 BC Where? Athens Significance? Voted to bring back Alcibiades ✔✔Battle of Cyzicus - ✔✔Who/What?Crushing Athenian Naval victory against sparta
✔✔Conon - ✔✔Who/What? Athenian general in late 5th century during the intervention of the Persians during the Peloponnesian War; defeated by Lysander several times When? 444-394 BC Where? Athens Significance? Rebuilt Athens long walls ✔✔Battle of Aegospotami - ✔✔Who/What?Complete destruction of Athenian navy by Lysander the Spartan fleet When?405 BC Where? Aegospotami, Hellespont, present-day Turkey Significance? A year later Athens surrendered to sparta, ending the Pelop War ✔✔Critias - ✔✔Who/What?Sophist who believed that the gods were created to keep men from doing what they wanted to do When? 460-403 BC Where? Athens Significance? Noted in his day for his tragedies, elegies and prose works. ✔✔The 30 - ✔✔Who/What? The Thirty Tyrants were a pro-Spartan oligarchy installed in Athens. Upon Lysander's request When? After Athens' defeat in the Peloponnesian War in 404 BCE (lasted for 13 months) Where? Athens Significance? Killed 5% of the Athenian population, the confiscation of citizen's property, and the exile of other democratic supporters.They became known as the "Thirty Tyrants" because of their cruel and oppressive tactics. The two leading members were Critias and Theramenes ✔✔Thrasybulus - ✔✔Who/What?An Athenian democratic believer who was left out of the 30. He sets up base at Phyle, and gain more and more people to launch a night attack on a harbor of Athens When?440-388 BC Where? Athens Significance?Defeated the Thirty Tyrants and brought democracy back to post-war Athens ✔✔Sophocles - ✔✔Who/What?Greek writer of tragedy Oedipus Rex When? 494-406 BC Where? Athens Significance? is one of three ancient Greek tragedians whose plays have survived. ✔✔Erastes - ✔✔Who/What? "Lover" The term for the active partner in a homosexual relationship. When?thoughtout? Where? all of Greece?
Significance? Ideally the _______ was supposed to be not only the sexual partner, but also the social mentor of his partner, tutoring him in the customs of male society and introducing him into it ✔✔Plato - ✔✔Who/What? Was a disciple of Socrate; greek philosopher and mathematician When?430-347 BC Where? Athens Significance? founded the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. Along with Socrates and his most famous student, Aristotle, Plato helped to lay the foundations of Western philosophy and science ✔✔Klepsydra - ✔✔Who/What? Water-clock used in People's Court When? 5th century Where? Athens Significance? Timed litigants speeches' ✔✔2nd Athenian Confederacy - ✔✔Who/What?A voluntary organization led by Athens, which many Greek states joined, some at the inception in 377 and others later. When?378-355 BC Where? Athens Significance? Though member states sent delegates to a common deliberative body known as the synedrion and hence had far greater say in policy decisions that the helpless allies of the Delian League, disaffection nonetheless developed and the alliance began to disintegrate in the late 370s. It suffered substantial defections in the 350s and was finally dissolved when the Corinthian League was established in 338 BC ✔✔Epaminondas - ✔✔Who/What?Theban general/statesman won at lectura with new army formation against sparta, trasformed thebes When?418-362 BC Where? Thebes Significance? Showed Sparta could be beaten, urged Thebes to make peace ✔✔The King's Peace - ✔✔Who/What? The agreement that ended the Corinthian War. A key role was played by Artaxerxes II of Persia,"King Artaxerxes thinks it just that the cities in Asia, and the islands of Clazomenae and Cyprus, shall belong to him. Further, that all other Greek cities, small and great, shall be autonomous; except Lemnos, Imbros and Scyros, which shall belong to Athens, as aforetime. If any refuse to accept this peace I shall make war upon them, along with those who are of the same purpose, both by land and sea, with both ships and money." When? 387/6 BC Where? persia? Significance? Establishes Sparta as keepers as peace and really puts a leash on Athens
When? 394-386 BC Where?Mainland Greece Significance? Peace of Antalcidas dictated by Persia ✔✔2nd Battle of Mantinea - ✔✔Who/What? Battle b/n sparta and thebes, thebes technically wins When?362 BC Where? Mantinea Significance? Epaminondas killed, and urges thebes to make peace, thus ending Theban hegemony ✔✔Autonomia - ✔✔Who/What?The concept of self rule for Greek poleis or independence for Greek individual When? Throughout Where? Greece Significance? What makes Greeks Greek, but also hinders them from uniting (which keeps them from repelling outside invaders) ✔✔Jason of Pherae - ✔✔Who/What? The joint ruler of Pherae in Thessaly the early 4th century. Through military reform and the help of a mercenary general, he extended his control throughout Thessaly. He was assassinated in 370 while preparing to take over the Pythian games at Delphi. When? early 4th century, Assasinated in 370 BC Where? Pherae in Thessaly Significance? His rise to power and the subsequent chaos shows that Thessaly didn't have sufficient constitutional structures to prevent a single individual taking over or to maintain unification ✔✔The Social War - ✔✔Who/What?Provoked by Athens' increasingly dominating stance over its Second Athenian Empire, Chios, Rhodes, and Cos overthrew their democratic governments and broke away from the league, assisted by Byzantion. When? 357-355 BC Where?Aegean Sea, Asia Minor Significance?Confederate allies independent; ✔✔Philip II of Macedon - ✔✔Who/What?king of ancient Macedonia and father of Alexander the Great When? 392- 336 Where? Macedonia Significance? Laid groundwork for alexander in establishing strong Macedonia (fortified its borders and started expanding into Greece) ✔✔Peace of Philocrates - ✔✔Who/What?Athens and Macedon are at odds with each other. Humiliating terms for Athenians. When? 346 BC Where? b/n Athens and Macedonia
Significance? Philip's preeminence in Central and Northern Greece recognized. ✔✔Corinthian League - ✔✔Who/What? The alliance organized to implement the Common Peace established by Philip II in 338 BC. They included the principal cities except Sparta and guaranteed its members freedom, autonomy, collective action against states who broke the peace, and protection against proposals to cancel debts and liberate slaves. When? 338 BC Where? Greece Significance? Provided the framework for Macedonian domination of Greece. ✔✔Darius III - ✔✔Who/What? Persian king who often fought Alexander When? 380-330 BC Where? PErsia Significance?last king of the Achaemenid Empire of Persia ✔✔Alexander the Great - ✔✔Who/What?son of Philip II; received military training in Macedonian army and was a student of Aristotle; great leader; conquered much land in Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt, and Mesopotamia; goal was to conquer the known world When? 336-323 BC Where? Macedonia Significance? Spread Greek culture and language ✔✔Battle of Issus - ✔✔Who/What? Alexander's troops routed the Persian troops of Darius III at this famous skirmish. It is noted that Darius made a major retreat before the match was even decided. When? 333 BC Where? Issus Significance?Alexander controls southern Asia Minor. ✔✔Aristotle - ✔✔Who/What? A Greek Philosopher, taught Alexander the Great, started a famous school, studied with Plato When? 384-322 BC Where? born in the Macedonian city of Stagirus - > Athens - > Macedonia Significance? Taught Alexander. All aspects of Aristotle's philosophy continue to be the object of active academic study today. ✔✔Eubulus - ✔✔Who/What?Statesman of ancient Athens. Generally considered a member of the "peace party" in opposition to Demosthenes. Attempted to stop Philip by forming a Common Peace to unite Greece against Philip in 348. Attempts failed, and he went along with the peace negotiated in 346. When?405-335 BC Where? Athens Significance?Eubulus and his supporters argued for peace. But from 344 BC on, Eubulus' influence was waning, and by 342 BC, Demosthenes' party was in control. After the Battle of Chaeronea no more is heard of Eubulus.
