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Timeline of Significant Events ©Mary Evans Picture Library/he 1300s: Superstition runs ram- pant and mental disorders are blamed on demons and witch- ; exorcisms are performed 400 2.c.: Hippocrates sug- gests that psychological disor- ders have both biological and psychological causes. es; to 400 B.c. 1 200 2.c.: Galen suggests that normal and abnormal behavior are related to four bodily flu- ids, or humors. 1930: Insulin shock therapy, electric shock treatments, and brain surgery begin to be used to treat psychopathology. 1 rn 1938: B. F. Skinner publishes The Behavior of Organisms, which describes the principles of operant conditioning. aie $ 5 2 & é 1848: Dorothea Dix success- fully campaigns for more humane treatment in U.S. mental institutions. geet) 1854: John P. Grey, head of New York's Utica Hospital, believes that insanity is the result of physical causes, thus de-emphasizing psychological treatments. National Library of Medicine rid victims of evil spirits. insanity is caused by mental or emotional stress gains momentum, and depression and anxiety are again regard- ed by some as disorders. 943: The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory is published. Defense. 1870: Louis Pasteur develops his germ theory of disease, which helps identify the bac- terium that causes syphilis. 1870 1895: Josef Breuer treats the “hysterical” Anna O., leading to Freud's development of psychoanalytic theory. = 1400-1800: Bloodletting and leeches are used to rid the body of unhealthy fluids and restore chemical balance. 1400s: Enlightened view that 1946: Anna Freud publishes Ego and the Mechanisms of Nomh Wind Pictur ArchiesiAlamy 1500s: Paracelsus suggests that the moon and the stars, not possession by the devil, affect people’s psychological functioning. 1950: The first effective drugs for severe psychotic disorders are developed. Humanistic psychology (based on ideas of Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, and Carl Rogers) gains some acceptance. Diagnostic and Statistical 1952: The first edition of the 1793: Philippe Pinel introduc- es moral therapy and makes French mental institutions more humane. ut:y4oe 1825-1875: Syphilis is dif- ferentiated from other types of psychosis in that it is caused by a specific bacterium; ulti- mately, penicillin is found to cure syphilis. 4958: Joseph Wolpe effec- tively treats patients with pho- bias using systematic desen- sitization based on principles of behavioral science. A 1968: DSM-II is published. Manual (DSM-I) is published. 1848-1920 AP Photos 1900: Sigmund Freud pub- lishes The Interpretation of Dreams. ui!) 1904: Ivan Pavlov receives the Nobel Prize for his work on the physiology of digestion, which leads him to identify conditioned reflexes in dogs. —— ©Stock Montage 1913: Emil Kraepelin classifies various psychological disorders from a biological point of view and publishes work on diagnosis. 20 1920: John B. Watson experi- ments with conditioned fear in Little Albert, using a white rat. 
