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Concise summaries and answers related to key theories and concepts in international relations. It covers topics such as democratic peace theory, international regimes, collective security, and various models of foreign policy decision-making. Additionally, it explores psychological processes affecting decision-makers, social theories like constructivism and marxism, and perspectives from peace studies and feminism. This material is useful for students studying international relations, political science, and related fields, offering a quick reference guide to complex ideas and debates within the discipline. Structured as a series of questions and answers, making it easy to review and understand the core principles of each topic. It also includes critiques and alternative viewpoints, encouraging critical thinking and a deeper understanding of the subject matter.
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Democratic Peace Theory - ANSWERS-Democracies don't fight democracies, but they do fight non-democracies. Explanations of the Democratic Peace Theory - ANSWERS- Democratic Institutions Democratic Norms Democratic Institutions - ANSWERS-Make it harder to go to war (checks and balances), separation of powers, executive accountability. Democratic Norms - ANSWERS-Non-violent methods of resolving disputes, respect for others' rights. Critiques to the Democratic Peace Theory - ANSWERS-Empirical - Research is wrong Theoretical - There are more reasons why democracies might not fight other democracies aside from that it's just because their democracies. International Regime - ANSWERS-A set of rules, norms, and procedures around which the expectations of actors converge in a certain issue area. Collective Security - ANSWERS-Refers to the formation of a broad alliance of most major actors in an international system for the purpose of jointly opposing aggression by any actor. Interest Groups - ANSWERS-Coalitions of people who share a common interest in the outcome of some political issue and who organize themselves to try to influence the outcome.
Lobbying - ANSWERS-The process of talking with legislators or officials to influence their decisions on some set of issues. Public Opinion - ANSWERS-The range of views on foreign policy issues held by the citizens of a state. Propaganda - ANSWERS-The public promotion of their official line/ideas/decisions "Rally around the flag" syndrome - ANSWERS-The public's increased support for government leaders during wartime, at least in the short term. Foreign Policy Process - ANSWERS-How policies are arrived at and implemented, a process of decision making Rational Model - ANSWERS-Decision makers set goals, evaluate their relative importance, calculate the costs and benefits of each possible course of action, and then choose one with the highest benefits and lowest costs. States as unitary, rational actors (single body making the decision). National interest drives behavior. Organizational Process Model - ANSWERS-Decision makers generally skip the labor intensive process of identifying goals and alternative actions, relying instead for most decisions on standardized responses or SOP. Organizations play a key role throughout policy process (tasked with gathering intelligence) Government Bargaining Model (Bureaucratic Politics) - ANSWERS-
Symptoms of GroupThink - ANSWERS-Overestimation of group power/morality Close-mindedness (information, options, risks, consequences) Pressures towards uniformity Causes of GroupThink - ANSWERS-Collegiality Insulation No tradition of impartial leadership Lack of clear decision making Group Polarization/Choice Shift - ANSWERS-Can occur in groups with shared values/preferences The group chooses a more extreme option than any individual would have chosen Likely mechanisms of Group Polarization/Choice Shift - ANSWERS- Increased number of persuasive arguments Social desirability Diffusion of responsiblity Crises - ANSWERS-Foreign policy situations in which outcomes are very important and time frames are compressed. Social Theories - ANSWERS-Theories that rely on social interaction to explain individuals' and states' preferences. Constructivism - ANSWERS-Asks how states construct their interest through interactions with one another. Interested in how actors define their national interests, threats to those interests, and their relationships with one another.
Social Constructivism - ANSWERS-Views actor's identities and goals are social constructed. Shared norms and rules govern actors relationships. Critical Theory (Post-Modernism) - ANSWERS-Pay close attention to how people talk and write about their subject (IR). There is no single objective reality but a multiplicity of experiences and perspective that defy easy categorization. Deconstructs basic concepts to reveal multiple realities. Unmasks underlying power relationships. Marxism - ANSWERS-Branch of Socialism. Holds that more powerful classes oppress and exploit the less powerful by denying them their fair share of the surplus they create. Class struggle - ANSWERS-The oppressed classes try to gain power in order to seize more of the wealth for themselves. Key Actors in Marxism - ANSWERS-Social classes, MNCs, transnational elites Themes of Marxism - ANSWERS-Capitalism contains the seeds of its own destruction. Economic conditions determine outcomes. The world system is stratified (developed countries v. undeveloped countries) Normative focus (Capitalist system is BAD) Peace Studies - ANSWERS-Seeks to shift the focus of IR away from the interstate level of analysis and toward a broad conception of social relations. Connects war and peace with individual responsibility, economic inequality, gender relations, cross- cultural understanding, and other aspects of social relationships.