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WHO definition of health - CORRECT ANSWER -"Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely an absence of disease or infirmity."
contemporary definition of health - CORRECT ANSWER -A means to achieve desirable goals in life while maintaining a multidimensional(physical, mental, social, political, economic, and spiritual) equilibrium that is operationalized for individuals as well as for communities.
•All ethnic groups described elements of health that included physical, psychological, social,and spiritual domains
behavior - CORRECT ANSWER -•Any overt human action, conscious or unconscious, with measurable:
-Frequency
-Intensity
-Duration
health behavior - CORRECT ANSWER -Those personal attributes such as beliefs, expectations, motives, values, perceptions, and other cognitive elements; personality characteristics, including affective and emotional states and traits, and behavioral patterns, actions, and habits that relate to health maintenance, to health restoration, and to health improvement." (Gochman,1982)
•Health-directed behaviors - CORRECT ANSWER -those behaviors that a person consciously pursues for health improvement or health protection, such as seeking an immunization, a physical examination, a low-fat food, or a condom.
Health-related behaviors - CORRECT ANSWER -those actions that are performed for reasons other than health but have health effects; for example, a person trying to lose weight so he can improve his appearance.
examples of health behaviors - CORRECT ANSWER -•Underage drinking at college.
•Thinking about exercising.
•Getting an STD test.
•Wearing sunscreen.
•Going to the doctor.
•Eating fruits and vegetables.
•Taking a vacation.
what is health: african american - CORRECT ANSWER -physical: absence of illness or symptoms
what is health: eastern european - CORRECT ANSWER -physical: activity and functional ability
what is health: hispanic american - CORRECT ANSWER -physical: do not have to go to the doctor
what is health: chinese- american - CORRECT ANSWER -psychological-spirtual: "positive spirit" "good heart"
Health education: - CORRECT ANSWER -- "Any combination of planned learning experiences based on sound theories that provide individuals, groups, and communitiesthe opportunity to acquire informationand the skillsneeded to make quality health decisions." (2000 Joint Committee on Health Education Terminology, 2002)
-emphasizes providing information to facilitate obtaining skills needed to make voluntary actions to improve health.
Health promotion: - CORRECT ANSWER -- Any planned combination of educational, political, regulatory, and organizational supports for actions and conditions of living conducive to the health of individuals, groups, or communities." (Green & Kreuter, 2005)
how do we build theories? - CORRECT ANSWER --Concept: An idea that is generalizable or agreed upon by many. (Most broad)...Access - (i.e., the availability of something to me, I can get it
-Construct: Abstraction of a concept for theoretical purposes and to facilitate measurement....Access to food
-Variable: A measureable version of a concept or construct..."Number of grocery stores/square mile"
Concept of model: - CORRECT ANSWER -•Eclectic, creative, simplified, miniaturized applications of concepts toward addressing problems
•Used for macro-level planning of interventions
•May not have enough empirical evidence to be called a theory
•Do not present guidance for micro-level management
•Examples of models used in health education and health promotion: PRECEDE-PROCEED, MATCH, PATCH, Ecological Planning Approach
- Models sometimes provide a good overview of how we believe things are connected, but they are not useful for measuring specifics.(theories can do this)
Norms - CORRECT ANSWER -perceived social pressures that influence individuals to behave in a certain way (e.g., conform).
Subjective Norms - CORRECT ANSWER -What you think people want you to do.
Descriptive Norms - CORRECT ANSWER -What you think people actually do.
Injunctive Norms - CORRECT ANSWER -What you think you should do based off of your morals and beliefs of what is "right."
conformity - CORRECT ANSWER -A change in behavior or belief as a result of real or imagined group pressure.(ex. Everybody in my cycling group wears a helmet and has a tail light. I guess I should too.
compliance - CORRECT ANSWER -Conformity that involves publicly acting in accord with social pressure while privately disagreeing. (ex. Everybody in my cycling group wears a helmet and has a tail light. I think it is stupid - the cars can see me just fine without the light and I am not going to fall!
Acceptance - CORRECT ANSWER -Conformity that involves both acting and believing in accord with social pressure. (ex.Everybody in my cycling group wears a helmet and has a tail light and I do too. I think it's a great idea and keeps me much safer while on the road.
obedience - CORRECT ANSWER -Compliance with the influence attempts of those perceived to be legitimate authorities. (ex. Everybody in my cycling group wears a helmet and has a tail light. I guess I should too, because I may get pulled over by police if I don't have the appropriate safety equipment.
social ecological framework - CORRECT ANSWER -*Is "a broad, overarching paradigm that bridges several different fields of research." (Stokols, 1996)
*Joins the concepts of ecology(the study of relationships between organisms and their environments) with that of social influences that can occur at a variety of levels.
*Emerged in the mid 1960's to early 1970's
*"...efforts to promote well-being should be based on an understanding of the relationships among diverse environmental factors rather than on analyses that focus exclusively on environmental, biological, or behavioral factors." (Best et al., 2003 p. 170)
*Recognizes the importance of reciprocal determinism(Best et al, 2003) àas does Social Cognitive Theory.
*Introduces systems theory as a set of organizing principles (Best et al., 2003)
•Perceived barriers:Belief of a person regarding actual and imagined costs of performing the new behavior.
•i.e., the negative perceptions that may inhibit someone from engaging in a health behavior.
-Cost (money, time).
-Pain.
-Unpleasant.
-Something that prevents you from engaging in the health behavior.
•Cues to action:Precipitating force that makes the person feel the need to take action. •Often an event.
Constructs of the HBM: •Self-efficacy:Belief or confidence in performing a behavior
stages in the Transtheoretical Model, - CORRECT ANSWER -Stage 1: Precontemplation: There is no intention to change behavior in the foreseeable future: •"As far as I'm concerned, I don't have any problems that need changing"
Stage 2: Contemplation: Aware that a problem exists and seriously thinking about overcoming it, but have no made commitment: •"I have a problem and I really think I should work on it."
Stage 3: Preparation: Combines intention and behavioral criteria: •"I have a problem and I'm getting ready to work on it."
Stage 4: Action: Individuals modify their behavior, experiences, or environment to overcome their problem: •"Anyone can talk about changing, I'm actually doing something about it."
Stage 5: Maintenance:Work to prevent relapse and consolidate gains: •"I may need a boost right now to help me maintain the changes I've made."
•Termination
•General thumb rule: 40% precontemplation, 40% contemplation, 20% preparation
Beliefs - CORRECT ANSWER -info a person has about other people, objects or issues; may or may not be factual
•Primitive Beliefs: associates an attribute with an object on the basis of personal experience.
•Informational Beliefs: based on knowledge gained by the verbalization of others (accessing outside information).
•Inferential Beliefs: goes beyond directly observable events; a link with other beliefs.
primitive beliefs - CORRECT ANSWER -associates an attribute with an object on the basis of personal experience.
Informational Beliefs - CORRECT ANSWER -based on knowledge gained by the verbalization of others (accessing outside information).
Inferential Beliefs - CORRECT ANSWER -goes beyond directly observable events; a link with other beliefs.
ideal theory - CORRECT ANSWER -•Demonstrate predictive power
•Methods the theories yield must be capable of effecting significant changes on affect (conation), thought (cognition), and action (volition); able to provide practical guidance on what, why, and how
•Testability or ability to verify
•Ability to generalize
•Identify the determinants(basis); ability to explain
Be able to apply one of the theories discussed in class in order to inform an intervention to promote positive behavior change. - CORRECT ANSWER -theory: construct of self-efficacy: ex) The Effects of a Self-Efficacy Intervention on Exercise Behavior of Fitness Club Members in 52 Weeks and Long-Term Relationships of Transtheoretical Model Constructs.... The researchers are trying to find the best method to get more people to work out during the year. Researchers are trying to increase self- efficacy (confidence). There were 3 different groups they looked at. Group 1: control group - watched video on cycling. Group 2: experimental group - watched video or took a class in person self set activity. Group 3: 2nd experimental group: options like group 2 but they were motivated by an instructor.
Caveat for risk protective factors - CORRECT ANSWER -Risk and protective factors must be identifies for a specific outcome
ex) one factor may be a protective factor for one outcome may be a risk factor for a different outcome
levels of prevention - CORRECT ANSWER -Primary prevention: actions taken prior to onset of disease or an injury with a view to remove the possibility of their ever occurring.(flu shot)
Secondary prevention: refers to actions that block the progression of an injury or disease at its incipient stage (ex. Screening ... mammograms to detect cancer early)
Tertiary prevention: actions taken after the onset of disease or an injury with a view to assist diseased or disabled people. (ex. End of life situation, someone with HIV or AIDS caught it too late so there is nothing they can do so they have medication and some behaviors to manage the disease)
Density and Proximity of Licensed Tobacco Retailers and Adolescent Smoking: A Narrative Review... - CORRECT ANSWER -Density and Proximity of Licensed Tobacco Retailers and Adolescent Smoking: A Narrative Review... Abstract: Adolescent smoking prevention is an important issue in health care. This literature review describes the theoretical concept of ecological model for adolescent smoking and tobacco retailers and summarizes previous studies on the association between the density and proximity of tobacco retailers and adolescent smoking. We reviewed nine studies on tobacco retailer density and proximity in relation to adolescent smoking, published in peer-reviewed journals between 2004 and 2014. The tobacco retailer density and proximity were correlated with adolescent lifetime smoking, past 12-month smoking, past 30-day smoking, and susceptibility to smoking. School nurses or other school health professionals may need to include the density and proximity of tobacco retailer factors around schools in school-based tobacco-use prevention programs. Health policy makers may need to consider zoning or licensing restrictions of tobacco retailers around schools for adolescent smoking prevention.
Health Beliefs and Breast Cancer Screening in Rural Appalachia: An Evaluation of the Health Belief Model Purpose: - CORRECT ANSWER -This study explored the role of the Health Belief Model in predicting breast cancer screening among women in rural Appalachia. Health beliefs (perceived susceptibility to breast cancer, severity of breast cancer, and benefits and barriers to screening) were used to predict health behavior (mammogram frequency).
