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HOSA Forensic Science Test Exam
chronic poisoning - ANS-poisoning caused by low doses over long periods of time; symptoms present themselves gradually heavy metals - ANS-poisonous metallic substances that are ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin or mucous membranes mercury poisoning - ANS-heavy metal example lethal gas - ANS-gases that cause bodily harm or death when inhaled carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide - ANS-lethal gases examples lethal injections - ANS-injection of a lethal substance in the body that causes bodily harm or death potassium and sodium pentothal - ANS-lethal injection examples herbicide - ANS-chemical substance that controls plants; can be deadly in humans pesticide - ANS-chemical substance that controls insects and rodents; can be deadly in humans aldrin and dieldrin - ANS-pesticide examples glyphosate mixture - ANS-herbicide example rattlesnake venom and ricin - ANS-toxin examples five classes of drugs - ANS-based on reactions five classes of drugs are - ANS-narcotics, depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens, anabolic steroids tolerance - ANS-amount of drug that creates an effect addiction - ANS-compulsive drug craving and use dependency - ANS-intense drug craving without withdrawal symptoms five schedules of drugs (CSA Act) - ANS-based on acceptance for medical use and potential for dependency illegal substances - ANS-drugs that are not used medically
heroin and LSD - ANS-illegal drug examples controlled drugs - ANS-legal drugs that are restricted because of their effects and high potential for dependency and abuse hallucinogen - ANS-illegal drugs that affect perception, thinking, self-awareness, and emotions (effects: elevated heart rate, high blood pressure, dilated pupils) LSD - ANS-hallucinogen example narcotic - ANS-addictive, sleep-inducing drugs that depress the CNS and suppress pain (effects: dizziness, weakness, confusion, contracted pupils) heroin and morphine - ANS-narcotic examples controlled substances include - ANS-stimulants, narcotics, depressants, and anabolic steroids stimulants - ANS-highly addictive drugs that increase feelings of energy and alertness while suppressing appetite (effects: high blood pressure and rapid heart rate) meth and cocaine - ANS-examples of stimulants depressants - ANS-drugs that relieve anxiety and produce sleep (effects: slowed heart rate, slowed breathing, slurred speech, loss of coordination, coma) alcohol - ANS-nervous system depressant that can be highly addicting and can impair judgment anabolic steroids - ANS-substance that promotes cell growth and division; used by bodybuilders and to treat low levels of testosterone doping - ANS-use of substances to enhance athletic performance drug combinations - ANS-can have compounding effects and lead to accidental death biological profile - ANS-estimation of the deceased's sex, age, stature, and ancestry, along with diseases and injuries, as derived from analysis of skeletal remains diaphysis - ANS-the shaft of a bone epiphysis - ANS-the unattached end of a bone that eventually becomes fused with the bone shaft forensic anthropology - ANS-the use of skeletal anatomy to identify remains for legal purposes
female surface of skull - ANS-smooth and gracile male zygomatic process - ANS-extends to or past ear opening female zygomatic process - ANS-stops short of ear opening male mastoid process - ANS-larger and more robust female mastoid process - ANS-smaller male subpubic angle - ANS-less than 90 degrees female subpubic angle - ANS-greater than 90 degrees male pelvic cavity shape - ANS-heart-shaped female pelvic cavity shape - ANS-flattened oval male ilium shape - ANS-narrow female ilium shape - ANS-rectangular pubis, wide male sacrum and tailbone - ANS-longer tailbone, sacrum curved inward female sacrum and tailbone - ANS-shorter tailbone, sacrum curved outward age based on pubic and rib bones - ANS-younger: heavily contoured face older: porous and pitted surface nasal index - ANS-ratio of width of nasal opening to height of opening times 100 prognathism - ANS-projection of upper haw and/or the lower jaw beyond the face european shape of eye orbits - ANS-rounded, somewhat square african shape of eye orbits - ANS-rectangular asian shape of eye orbits - ANS-rounded, somewhat circular european nasal spine - ANS-prominent spine african nasal spine - ANS-very small spine asian nasal spine - ANS-very small spine
european nasal index - ANS-less than 0. african nasal index - ANS-less than 0. asian nasal index - ANS-0.48 to 0. european prognathism - ANS-flat african prognathism - ANS-prognathic asian prognathism - ANS-variable european nasal opening - ANS-teardrop african nasal opening - ANS-round asian nasal opening - ANS-oval gunshot wound - ANS-smaller entrance wound and larger, beveled exit wound blunt-force trauma - ANS-more cracks and more damage sharp-force trauma - ANS-less cracks and less damage comparative radiography - ANS-nondestructive imaging of bones with electromagnetic energy (x-rays, MRI) nonimaged records comparison - ANS-medical notes, dental records, implants DNA analysis - ANS-testing DNA samples to confirm identities and separate commingled remains photographic or video superimposition - ANS-skull superimposed on a photo craniofacial reconstruction - ANS-recreating facial features based on bones, often using "tissue-depth" method accumulated degree hours (ADH) - ANS-the number of hours at an adjusted average temperature it takes for an insect species to develop to a given stage; used to estimate PMIs complete metaphorphosis - ANS-body development in four stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult crop - ANS-a digestive organ used for storage of food
flesh flies - ANS-deposit living larvae onto flesh; gray stripes and checkerboard pattern coffin flies - ANS-tiny flies that can penetrate blankets and plastic beetles - ANS-different species arrive at body at different stages of decomposition to mate, lay eggs, and consume the body or other eggs and larvae clown and surinam carrion beetles - ANS-arrive early american carrion beetles - ANS-arrive early to advanced sexton and hairy rove beetles - ANS-arrive fresh to advanced hide beetles - ANS-arrive advanced most developed larvae - ANS-should be collected to provide most accurate estimate of PMI local temperatures and environmental conditions - ANS-affect insect development lower limit threshold - ANS-the temperature below which growth and development cease forensic entomology is used to - ANS-estimate PMI intervals identify geographic location link suspect to victim determine if body was moved locate injury sites determine drug exposure provide evidence of neglect or abuse forensic insects - ANS-flies, beetles, wasps, and ants beetles usually arrive - ANS-after flies forensic entomology evidence collection - ANS-crime-scene observations collection of live insects and eggs preservation of insects collection of meteorlogical data agglutination - ANS-clumping of cells caused by an antigen-antibody response angle of impact - ANS-angle at which blood strikes a target surface relative to the horizontal plane of the target surface
antibodies - ANS-proteins secreted by white blood cells that attach to specific antigens antigen - ANS-foreign substance that provokes an immune response in the body antigen-antibody response - ANS-reaction in which antibodies attach to specific antigens; causes agglutination in cross-blood types transfusions area of convergence - ANS-a two-dimensional view of the intersection of lines formed by drawing a line through the main axis of at least two drops of blood that indicates the general area of the source of the blood spatter area of origin - ANS-the location of a blood source viewed in three dimensions as determined by projecting angles of impact of individual bloodstains cast-off pattern - ANS-blood projected onto a surface as a result of being flung from an object in motion; direction changes; person repeatedly striking another person passive drop - ANS-blood drop created solely as a result of gravity; seen as a linear pattern; person walking while bleeding satellite - ANS-smaller droplets of blood projected from larger drops of blood upon impact with surface spine - ANS-elongated blood streaks radiating away from the center of a blood stain swipe - ANS-blood pattern resulting from a lateral transfer from a moving source onto another surface; bloody hair dragged across floor wipe - ANS-smeared blood pattern created when an object moves through blood that is not completely dried; trying to move blood from a surface with a cloth red blood cells - ANS-carry oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hemoglobin that contains iron white blood cells - ANS-fight disease and foreign elements platelates - ANS-aid in blood clotting and in repairing damaged blood vessels blood-type evidence - ANS-class evidence that narrows suspect possibilities and excludes suspects rh factor - ANS-presence or absence of Rh antigen on red blood cells blood-type test - ANS-mixing blood with blood samples containing each of the three kinds of antibodies to cause agglutination shape of blood droplet - ANS-indicated direction from where blood originated
algor mortis - ANS-cooling of body after death; starts 1 hour after death and lasts for 12 hours until it reaches ambient temperature warm and limp - ANS-less than 3 hours warm and stiff - ANS- 3 - 8 hours cold and stiff - ANS- 8 - 36 hours cold and limp - ANS-more than 36 hours gunshot wound to side of head, mouth, and front of chest - ANS-suicide gunshot angled upward - ANS-suicide burn marks to skin from gun - ANS-suicide multiple shots - ANS-homicide shots through clothing - ANS-homicide scratches, cuts, bruises (evidence of struggle) - ANS-homicide defensive cuts on palms and underarms - ANS-homicide one knife wound in chest - ANS-suicide V-shaped bruise - ANS-suicide (hanging) straight-line bruise - ANS-homicide (strangulation) undressed in water - ANS-homicide dressed in water - ANS-suicide Locard's Principle of Exchange - ANS-contact between people and objects during a crime can result in a transfer of material direct evidence - ANS-evidence (if true) that proves a fact (eyewitness account) circumstantial evidence - ANS-evidence that does not directly support a fact (blood stain or fingerprint) physical evidence - ANS-an object used to support elements of a crime biological evidence - ANS-organic matter used to support elements of a crime
class evidence - ANS-evidence that narrows an identity to a group of persons or things individual evidence - ANS-evidence that narrows identity to a single person or thing trace evidence - ANS-a small amount of physical or biological evidence crime-scene investigation team - ANS-police officers, detectives, crime-scene investigators, medical examiners, and specialists crime-scene investigation - ANS-recognize, document, photograph, and collect evidence first-responding officer - ANS-identify extent of crime scene, secure the scene, and separate witnesses primary crime scene - ANS-location of where the crime took place secondary crime scene - ANS-alternate location where additional evidence can be collected crime-scene investigator - ANS-processes crime scenes (recognize, document, and preserve evidence) triangulation - ANS-mathematical method of calculating the location of an object based on the position of other objects paper bindle - ANS-folded paper used to hold evidence chain of custody - ANS-document that records how and when evidence has been handled datum point - ANS-a permanent, fixed point of reference used in mapping a crime scene crime-scene reconstruction - ANS-forming a hypothesis of the sequence of evidence before, during, and after the crime forensic laboratory - ANS-where evidence is analyzed detective - ANS-develops a possible crime-scene scenario toxicology - ANS-the study of poisons, toxins, drugs, and other substances people use for medical, recreational, or criminal purposes handling substance evidence - ANS-process it, weigh it, separate it, identify it
