Download Forensic Science Study Guide: Toxicology, Fingerprinting, and Ballistics and more Exams Forensics in PDF only on Docsity!
Forensic Toxicology - correct answer -examination of all aspects of toxicology (the study of drugs andpoisons that may have legal implications)
Postmortem Drug Testing - correct answer -examination performed on blood, urine, and/or bodytissues to determine if drugs were a contributing factor in a death
Contraband - correct answer -in forensic toxicology and drug testing facilities refers to suspectedcontrolled
Vitreous Humor - correct answer -ocular fluid (fluid in the eye) that is often utilized as a sample fortesting in postmortem toxicology
Workplace Drug Testing - correct answer -examination performed on primary blood and urine fromemployees or job applicants for drug content
NIDA - correct answer -national institute of drug abuse Accuracy - correct answer -ability of a measurement to match the value of the quantity measured;correctness
Amphetamine - correct answer -controlled substance along with its analogs , such asmethamphetamine that creates a state of wakefulness, euphoria, and excitatory condition (stimulation)
Hallucinogen - correct answer -psychoactive drug that induces hallucinations or alters sensoryexperiences
Narcotic - correct answer -addictive substance that reduces pains, alters mood and behavior, andusually induces sleep or stupor
Cannabinoids - correct answer -term applied to marijuana and parts of the plant cannabis sativa inwhich tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the active agent
Phencyclidine - correct answer -PCP; drug originally developed as a surgical anesthetic that wasdiscontinued due to adverse patients reactions; abusers of the drug often experience severe psychiatric manifestations Cyanide - correct answer -CN; highly toxic chemical especially in the form of gas (hydrogen cyanine) Chain of Custody - correct answer -documented process the evidence goes through from the point ofgathering to the final presentation in the court; intended to assure that there has been no tampering or altering the evidence Gas Chromatography - correct answer -gas flowing through a coated tube separates compounds bytheir size, weight, and chemical reactivity with the coating of the tube or column
Immunoassays - correct answer -tests utilizing antibodies that react with the drug or substance thatrecognizes the antibody
Fluorescence - correct answer -property of a product producing light when acted upon by radiantenergy
Chemiluminescence - correct answer -process by which light is emitted as a product of a chemicalreaction
TLC - correct answer -wet chemical test known as thin layer chromatography Ultraviolet - correct answer -area of the light spectrum just past visible violet and before the x-rayregion
Toxicogenomics - correct answer -field of science that deals with how genomes respond to toxins LD50 - correct answer -quantity of a substance that kills 50 percent of the population GC-MS - correct answer -acronym for gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry Who was the first to use fingerprinting as a method of identification on a large scale? - correct answer -Sir William Hershel-
Who was the first to devise a method of classification based on fingerprints? - correct answer -Dr. HenryFaulds-
Who's was the first official use of a fingerprint in the United States? - correct answer -GilbertThompson-
What were Sir Francis Galton's calculations of the odds of two individual fingerprints being the same? -correct answer -1 in 64 billion
Who began the first fingerprint files? - correct answer -Juan Vucetich - When was the first criminal fingerprint identification made? - correct answer - When was the introduction of fingerprints for criminal identification in England and Wales? - correctanswer -
What is the classification system for fingerprinting used in all English speaking countries called? - correctanswer -Henry Classification System
What does AFIS stand for? - correct answer -Automated Fingerprint Identification System
What does the AFIS do? - correct answer -Provides: -Automated fingerprint search-latent print searching capability -electronic image storage-electronic exchange of fingerprints and responses 24/
What does the acronym CPIN stand for? How does it work? - correct answer -C-Commonwealth P-PhotoI-Imaging N-Network A computer network that extends PA and is used to record and store digital photos of crime suspects Ballistics - correct answer -the science that deals with the motion, behavior, and effects of projectiles,most often firearms and bullets.
Odontology - correct answer -in forensics, examination of bite marks and dental identification ofcorpses.
Pathology - correct answer -investigation of sudden, unexplained, or violent death. Entomology - correct answer -the study of insects. Palynology - correct answer -the study of pollen and spores. Polygraphy - correct answer -the use of the "lie detector". Polygraph = lie detector Laceration - correct answer -Caused by a blunt object
Teratogen - correct answer -an agent that can cause birth defects in an embryo or fetus. two well-known examples are alcohol and thalidomide.
Alkaloid - correct answer -Examples are cocaine, nicotine, strychnine, caffenine, and morphine. Analgesics - correct answer -drugs that relieve pain. Presumptive Test - correct answer -test that presumes the presence of the questioned substanced; alsocalled a screening test.
Osteons - correct answer -structures in bones that carry the blood supply. Femur - correct answer -long bone found in the leg extending from the hip to the knee. Tibia - correct answer -long bone found in the leg extending from the knee to the ankle. Humerus - correct answer -long bone found in the arm extending from the shoulder to the elbow.upper arm
Radius - correct answer -long bone found in the arm extending from the elbow to the wrist. Os Pubis - correct answer -area on the anterior side of the pelvis where the hip bones come together. Ventral Arc - correct answer -a bony ridge that is formed on the ventral (lower) side of the female ospubis.
Epiphyses - correct answer -growth plates found at the ends of the long bones. they form inadolescence and fuse to the bone during early adulthood.
Diaphysis - correct answer -the shaft of a long bone. Iliac Crest - correct answer -found on the top of the hip bone. Clavicle - correct answer -also known as the collarbone; its medial ends meet in the center of the body. Sutures - correct answer -immovable joints where bonesare joined together. they are visible as seamson the surface.
Symphysis - correct answer -a place where two bones meet and may rub together. Caucasoid - correct answer -descriptor for people of European, Middle Eastern, and East Indian descent. Negroid - correct answer -descriptor for people of African, Aborigine, and Melanesian descent. Monogoloid - correct answer -descriptor for people of Asian, Native American, Polynesian descent. Modus Operandi (MO) - correct answer -the characteristic method of operation of a criminal;sometimes referred to as MO.
Statutory Law - correct answer -legislative acts declaring, commanding, or prohibiting something. Common Law or Case Law - correct answer -Type of law that is formulated by judges or determined bycourt decisions.
Civil Law - correct answer -A law that governs relationships between individuals and defines their legalrights.
Criminal Law - correct answer -Codes of behavior related to the protection of property and individualsafety
Arch - correct answer -least common and simpliest fingerprint pattern. they have no delta or core. allridges enter one side and exit the other.
Visible Print - correct answer -fingerprint left by a finger that has touched blood, paint, ink, or the like. Latent Print - correct answer -fingerprint made by the deposit of perspiration or body oils; invisible tothe naked eye until developed.
Minutiae - correct answer -in description of fingerprints, ridge characteristics. Bifurcations - correct answer -common minutiae, shaped like a two-pronged fork. Locard Exchange Principle - correct answer -there is always a cross transfer of evidence betweensuspect and victim or locale.
Cuticle (Hair) - correct answer -tough, clear outside covering of the hair shaft. Cortex (Hair) - correct answer -middle layer of the hair shaft that provides strength; compromises mostof the hair mass.
Medulla (Hair) - correct answer -the spongy anterior core of hair that gives it flexibilty; appears as acanal in the middle of the shaft.
Keratin - correct answer -A fiber protein that is the principal component of hair, skin, and nails is False Positive - correct answer -a test result that comes out positive when it should not; often caused bycomtamination or failure to run a control.
Catalyst - correct answer -a small amount of a substance that increases the rate of a reaction withoutbeing used up in the process.
Viscosity - correct answer -the resistance of a fluid to flow. water is low relative to syrup. heatinggenerally lowers this of a liquid.
Homopolymers - correct answer -polymers made up of one type of repeating unit. each is made fromone monomer only.
Polyethers - correct answer -a series of carbon atoms connected by oxygen atoms. Chromatography - correct answer -A technique that is used to separate the components of a mixturebased on the tendency of each component to travel or be drawn across the surface of another material.
Elute - correct answer -to extract one material from another, usually by means of a solvent. Designer Drug - correct answer -drugs synthesized with particular pharmacological characteristics,designed for abuse and evasion of specific drug laws.
Cheliloscopy - correct answer -the study of lip prints, from the Greek word cheilos, meaning lip. Conchoidal Fracture - correct answer -A curved fracture surface; looks like the inside of a clam shell Hemoglobin - correct answer -the oxygen carrier that gives red blood cells their color. it is composed offour globen (protein) chains, each with heme group.
Precipitin Test - correct answer -test that distingushes between human and animal blood Chemiluminescence - correct answer -the emmission of light from a chemical reaction. within anorganism such as a firefly. it is called bioluminescence.
Antigens - correct answer -foreign substances in the body that are capable of causing disease. thepresence of antigens triggers an immune response, usually the production of antibodies.
Striae - correct answer -parallel sets of scratches on a bullet caused by unique markings in the bore of arifled weapon.
Head Stamp - correct answer -numerals, letters, and symbols on the base of a cartridge showing themanufacturer, caliber, and code.
Breech - correct answer -portion of the gun that contains the firing mechanism. Magazine - correct answer -a container that holds cartridges under spring pressure to be fed into thegun's chamber; also called a clip.
Chamber - correct answer -part of the firearm that contains a cartridge for firing. Blind Forgery - correct answer -one made without a model of this signnature or writing being forged. Forgery - correct answer -an item prepared with the intent to deceive or defraud. it can be anautograph, a book, a painting, a baseball card, a stamp, an antique, or almost anything.
Simulated Forgery - correct answer -one made by copying a genuine signature. Traced Forgery - correct answer -one made by tracing a genuine signature. Indented Writing - correct answer -impressions left under paper that has been written on. When were psychologists recognized in court? - correct answer -Jenkins v United States 1962 Name the 4 roles of a forensic psychologists. - correct answer -1. Research: investigate legal processesand phenomena
- Intervention (aka treatment or therapy)
- Assessment: psychological appraisal staff4. Consultation: provide information to agencies including police departments judges, attorneys and jail What is the most prevalent area of forensic psychology research? - correct answer -Eyewitnesstestimony
Confession. - correct answer -Admission of guilt • Most damaging piece of evidence in a trial
False confession. - correct answer -Admission of guilt by an innocent person Name the 3 primary reasons for a false confession. - correct answer -1. Publicity
- To end punishment3. Highly suggestible and stressed
Name 2 main roles of a forensic psychologist in assessment. - correct answer -1. Involves testadministration
- Testify as expert witness What are the 3 primary states when testifying as an expert witness? - correct answer -1.Dangerousness: likelihood to cause emotional or physical harm
- Competency: ability to understand nature and purpose of court proceedings be wrong3. Insanity: legal term for unsoundness of mind such that nature of a (criminal) act was not perceived to What are the 4 areas of dangerousness? - correct answer -1. Violence
- Suicide3. Child and domestic abuse
- Sexual abuse
What was the first published account involving a convition based on bite marks as evidence. - correctanswer -Doyle v. State; Texas, 1954
Pathology - correct answer -The study of disease Biopsy - correct answer -Examination of a tissue sample Theory - correct answer -A set of statements or principles devised to explain a group of facts orphenomena, especially one that has been repeatedly tested or is widely accepted and can be used to make predictions about natural phenomena Autopsy - correct answer -An examination of the body after death usually with such dissection as willexpose the vital organs for determining the cause of death.
Cytopathology - correct answer -study of the diseases of cells Clinical pathology - correct answer -Involves the analysis and interpretation of the chemical, hormonal,and biochemical components of body fluids to determine whether a disease is present
Microbiology - correct answer -Involves the testing and diagnosis of material to determine whichinfectious organism is infecting or investing the patient
Histopathology - correct answer -Microscopic analysis of diseased tissue Hematopathology - correct answer -Diagnosis blood disease And blood forming organs Neuropathologist - correct answer -Focuses on disease of the nervous system Dermatopathology - correct answer -Focuses on skin diseases
Forensic pathology - correct answer -Main effort is to determine the cause of death and thecircumstances of how the death occurred
Coroner - correct answer -Word comes a from the Anglo-Norman word corouner, a word derived fromcoroune ("crown"). May not be physician/ pathologist. Usually decides if an autopsy is needed then hires a hospital/ forensic pathologist to perform. Is given past medical records and injuries Medical Examiner - correct answer -Forensic pathologist (death investigator) Does not work from amedical chart. Examining clothes is very important in establishing how the death occurred
CT - correct answer -Computed tomography MRI - correct answer -Magnetic Resonance Imaging Postmortem interval - correct answer -Time of death Algor mortis - correct answer -Cooling of the body; normal temp is approx 98.6° and this is maintained1-3 hours after death then the body begins to cool at a rate of approx 1° per hour
Livor mortis - correct answer -Discoloration of the body; occurs when the heart stops beating, the bloodstops circulating and stagnates.
Rigor mortis - correct answer -Stiffening of the body; begins 20 minutes after death with the smallermuscles of the jaw then continues over the next 6-12 hours and over the next 12-24 hours disappears ually in the same way it appeared Postmortem lividity - correct answer -the setting of the blood in the body after death, which results in ablue/purple discoloration of the skin
Contusion - correct answer -A black or blue injury Cadaveric spasm - correct answer -The muscles contract forcibly at the moment of death
Manner of death - correct answer -How death occurred; 5 possibilities
- natural-accidental -suicide-homicide -undetermined Pericardium - correct answer -Firbrous sac that encloses the heart. Opened during an autopsy toremove the heart.
Arteriosclerosis - correct answer -Hardening of the arteries Myocardial Infarction - correct answer -The blockage of blood to the heart resulting I'm the death of theheart muscle
Small intestines - correct answer -Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum Meninges - correct answer -Membranes that surround the brain. Dura mater - correct answer -(Meninges) lies just beneath the internal surface of the skull; firm, touch,and fibrous membrane that covers the outside of the brain.
Epidural hemmorhage - correct answer -Hemorrhage due to trauma between the dura mater and theskull
Subdural hemorrhage - correct answer -Blood lies below the dura mater Arachnoid - correct answer -Two filmy, thin, transparent membranes that cover the brain directly belowthe mater
Pia mater - correct answer -The transparent innermost membrane covering the brain Leptomenginges - correct answer -The almost inseparable combination of the delicate middle arachnoid(spider-web like membrane) and the transparent inner membrane covering the brain, the pia mater
Provisional anatomic diagnoses - correct answer -A listing made of the autopsy findings made by aforensic pathologist
subpoena - correct answer -when a scientist is required to testify, this is sent to them stating when andwhere the trial is to be held
voir dire - correct answer -the prosecution introduces a scientist as an expert and then describes theirqualifications, training, background etc.
admissible evidence - correct answer -evidence that is determined to be admitted into evidence and beconsidered in rendering the decision
inculpatory evidence - correct answer -evidence that tends to implicate the accused party exculpatory evidence - correct answer -evidence that tends to free from guilt the accused party direct evidence - correct answer -info that establishes a fact directly with out the need for furtherinference. ex-eyewitness testimony that the defendant fired the fatal shot
circumstantial evidence - correct answer -evidence requiring the trier of fact to infer certain events. ex-linking a defendant to a crime scene via DNA, hair, fiber, footprint etc.
reconstruction evidence - correct answer -evidence of the events leading to, occurring during, andoccurring after a crime is committed
association evidence - correct answer -establishes a relationship between objects. ex-glass, hairs,bullets, fingerprints
