Human Development - General Psychology - Lecture Slides, Slides of Psychology

Download Human Development - General Psychology - Lecture Slides and more Slides Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! Human Development Across the Life Span Docsity.com Table of Contents Progress Before Birth: Prenatal Development 3 phases – germinal stage = first 2 weeks • conception, implantation, formation of placenta – embryonic stage = 2 weeks – 2 months • formation of vital organs and systems – fetal stage = 2 months – birth • bodily growth continues, movement capability begins, brain cells multiply • age of viability Docsity.com Table of Contents The Childhood Years: Motor Development Basic Principles – Cephalocaudal trend – head to foot – Proximodistal trend – center-outward Maturation – gradual unfolding of genetic blueprint Developmental norms – median age – Cultural variations Docsity.com Table of Contents Easy and Difficult Babies: Differences in Temperament Longitudinal vs. cross-sectional designs Thomas, Chess, and Birch (1970) – 3 basic temperamental styles • easy – 40% • slow-to-warm-up – 15% • difficult – 10% • mixed – 35% – stable over time Kagan & Snidman (1991) – Inhibited vs. uninhibited temperament • inhibited – 15 - 20% • uninhibited – 25 - 30% – stable over time, genetically based Docsity.com Table of Contents Fig 11.6 – Longitudinal versus cross-sectional research. In a longitudinal study of development between ages 6 and 10, the same children would be observed at 6, again at 8, and again at 10. In a cross-sectional study of the same age span, a group of 6-year-olds, a group of 8-year-olds, and a group of 10-year-olds would be compared simultaneously. Note that data collection could be completed immediately in the cross-sectional study, whereas the longitudinal study would require 4 years to complete. Docsity.com Table of Contents Fig 11.10 – Erikson’s stage theory. Erikson’s theory of personality development posits that people evolve through eight stages over the life span. Each stage is marked by a psychosocial crisis that involves confronting a fundamental question, such as “Who am I and where am I going?” The stages are described in terms of alternative traits that are potential outcomes from the crises. Development is enhanced when a crisis is resolved in favor of the healthier alternative (which is listed first for each stage). Docsity.com Table of Contents Fig 11.9 – Stage theories of development. Some theories view development as a relatively continuous process, albeit not as smooth and perfectly linear as depicted on the left. In contrast, stage theories assume that development is marked by major discontinuities (as shown on the right) that bring fundamental, qualitative changes in capabilities or characteristic behavior. Docsity.com Table of Contents Stage Theories: Cognitive Development Jean Piaget (1920s-1980s) – Assimilation/ Accommodation – 4 stages and major milestones • Sensorimotor – Object permanence • Preoperational – Centration, Egocentrism • Concrete Operational – Decentration, Reversibility, Conservation • Formal Operational – Abstraction Docsity.com Table of Contents Fig 11.13 – The gradual mastery of conservation. Children master Piaget’s conservation problem during the concrete operations period, but their mastery is gradual. As outlined here, children usually master the conservation of numbers at age 6 or 7, but they may not understand the conservation of area until age 8 or 9. Docsity.com Table of Contents The Development of Moral Reasoning Kohlberg (1976) – Reasoning as opposed to behavior • Moral dilemmas – Measured nature and progression of moral reasoning – 3 levels, each with 2 sublevels • Preconventional • Conventional • Postconventional Docsity.com Table of Contents Fig 11.15 – Kohlberg’s stage theory. Kohlberg’s model posits three levels of moral reasoning, each of which can be divided into two stages. This chart summarizes some of the key facets in how individuals think about right and wrong at each stage. Docsity.com Table of Contents The Search for Identity Erik Erikson (1968) – Key challenge - forming a sense of identity James Marcia (1988) – 4 identity statuses • Foreclosure • Moratorium • Identity Diffusion • Identity Achievement Docsity.com Table of Contents The Expanse of Adulthood Personality development Social development Career development Physical changes Cognitive changes Docsity.com