Human Digestive System, Exams of Nursing

Human Digestive System Human Digestive System

Typology: Exams

2025/2026

Available from 04/08/2026

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Human Digestive System
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Human Digestive System

Organs: The digestive system consists of the

alimentary canal and its accessory organs.

The alimentary canal consists of:

  • Oral cavity Esophagus
  • Stomach Small intestine
  • Large intestine
  • Accessory organs : Liver, gall bladder & pancreas

Functions

  • Breaks food down into absorbable units that enter

the blood.

  • Indigestible food elimination as feces

The Alimentary Canal

  • The digestive system consists of: 1 - The alimentary canal (from the mouth to the anal opening). 2 - Accessory digestive organs.
  • Its wall consists of four main tissue layers :
  • Mucosa
  • Submucosa
  • Muscularis
  • Serosa

The Mouth

  • **It contains the teeth and tongues
  • is bounded by lips, cheeks, and palate.** - Tonsils guard its posterior margin.

Minor Salivary Glands

- The pharynx: Is a muscular tube that provides a passageway for food and air.

  • The Esophagus: is a muscular tube that completes the passageway from the pharynx to the stomach.
  • The Stomach: is a C-shaped organ located on the left side of the abdomen beneath the diaphragm.
  • Gastric glands produce:
    • Hydrochloric acid - Pepsin
      • Renin - Mucus
      • Gastrin - Intrinsic factor
  • Mucus protects the stomach from

Small Intestine

  • Its subdivisions are the:
    • duodenum - jejunum - ileum.
  • Pancreatic juice and bile enter the duodenum through a sphincter at the distal end of the bile duct.
  • Microvilli, villi, and circular folds increase the surface area of the small intestine for enhanced absorption

The large intestine

  • Subdivided into the:
  • **Cecum - Appendix
  • Ascending colon - Transverse colon
  • Descending colon - Sigmoid colon
  • Rectum - Anal canal.**
  • The large intestine delivers undigested food residue (feces) to the body exterior.
  • About 1.5 meters

long

  • Accepts what

small intestines

don’t absorb

  • Rectum (short

term storage

which holds feces

before it is

expelled).

  • Parts of Colon 1 - Ascending Colon 2 - Transverse Colon 3 - Descending Colon 4 - Sigmoid Colon
  • The Rectum
  • Forms last 15 cm ( 6 in.) of digestive tract.
  • The anal canal is the last portion of the rectum - Contains small longitudinal folds called anal columns.
  • Anus: Also called anal orifice,
  • Is exit of the anal canal. Has
  • keratinized epidermis like skin