Human geography synthesis, Summaries of Human Geography

Download Human geography synthesis and more Summaries Human Geography in PDF only on Docsity!

lOMoARcPSD|

R. D. Kaplan,

Human geography

GEOG 1101 EXAM 2 HEROD

TOPIC 2

• Conic projections o Used for mid-latitude countries o Used to depict smaller regions of one hemisphere o Parallels are curved o Location of standard parallel depends on height of cone
• One standard parallel: tangent to the Earth - Two standard parallels: secant to the Earth o Distortion in the opposite direction between the parallels
• Azimuthal/planar projections o Gives less distortion at poles than Mercator o Distance and direction from source point are true o One hemisphere o Used for accurate measures of distance when not centered at a pole o Longitude and latitude lines are heavily distorted when not at a pole
• Map properties o Area ▪ Equal area/equivalent maps preserve shape but distort shape o Shape ▪ Conformal projections preserve shape but distort area o Distance ▪ Equidistant projections show true direction from central point o Direction ▪ Mercator shows true projection
• Purpose of a map determines the type of projection - Map makers use a combination of shape and area distortion
• Great circle routes o Shortest distance, equator, all longitude lines o Planes follow great circle routes
• Gnomonic projection o Only projection where great circle lines appear as straight lines o Rhumb lines are curved - Suggestive mapping o Landmarks in a line are evidence of aliens: only on certain projections o Ford’s trip to Japan stopped in Alaska: consistent with great circle routes o Cold war: Mercator made Soviet Union look very large
• Delle Navigationi o African map from 1556 made in Venice o Upside down, made sense if you were sailing from south to north
• Cartograms o Size of country/state/county adjusted for different factors
• Propaganda maps

• Phases of human population growth o Phase one: 8,000BC to 1750 ▪ Invention of agriculture ▪ Growth rate 1% per year o Phase two: 1750- 1950 ▪ Industrial revolution ▪ Growth rate: 1.3% per year o Phase three: post 1950 ▪ Medical revolution ▪ Growth rate 2.9% per year
• Growth patterns o Rapid population growth after 1945 o 85% of population growth has been in global south o Most growth is concentrated in urban areas in both global north and global south ▪ Cities with more than 1 million people - 1850: London and Paris - 1900: 12 cities - 1950: 83 cities - 2000: 380 cities ▪ In 1900, 5% of the world was urbanized ▪ In 2000, 47% of the world was urbanized ▪ Urban growth - Migration into cities - Come for jobs and better life - Shanty towns - Poor conditions
• Demographic measures o Crude birth rate ▪ Total number of births per 1,000 people per year o Crude death rate ▪ Total number of deaths per 1,000 people per year o Total fertility rate ▪ Average number of children a mother has o Net reproduction rate ▪ Number of women in society compared to number of female children they have o Infant mortality rate ▪ Average number of deaths of infants compared to the number of live births o Life expectancy at birth o Doubling time
• Crude birth rate and crude death rate o CBR, total number of births per 1,000 people per year o CDR, total number of deaths per 1,000 people per year ▪ Divide total population by 1, ▪ Divide the number of people born by that number

o Rate of natural increase ▪ Difference between CBR and CDR o For a picture of total population change, we must include migration ▪ Total pop year 2= total pop year 1 + births - deaths +immigrants - emigrants o Global birth rates and death rates have decreased ▪ Death rate decrease due to better lifestyle and less drug addiction ▪ Fertility reflects social/economic conditions o Fertility changes ▪ Early 20 th^ century: high fertility

• Lots of immigrants in late teens to early 30s
• Agrarian society
• High infant mortality
• Need more kids so they can take care of parents when they are old because there was no social security
• No effective birth control ▪ WWI: low fertility
• Men are away ▪ Great depression: low fertility
• No money for kids ▪ Late 1930s: high fertility
• Economic boom ▪ WWII: low fertility
• 7 million men away ▪ Post WWII: high fertility
• Baby boom
• 1946 - 1964 ▪ Post baby boom: low fertility rate
• Birth control pill
• Economic crisis o Competition with other countries
• Women work more
• Second wave feminism
• Contraception becomes legal
• Total fertility rate o Measures the average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years (15-49) o In the US, declining TFRs have been the major reason for slower rates of natural increase in post WWII period o TFR rises during baby boom o TFR declines after 1960 ▪ More women in workforce ▪ Other countries economics are catching up to US making our economy not as great ▪ Women’s movement o TFR increases from 1990 - 200 ▪ Booming economy

o Average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live under current conditions o High infant mortality: low life expectancy o Low infant mortality: high life expectancy o Causes of increased life expectancy ▪ Good healthcare for the elderly ▪ Good geriatric medicine o Implications of high life expectancy ▪ Provision of facilities for the aged ▪ Fewer facilities for young people o Countries with the highest life expectancy ▪ Australia, Canada, Japan, South Korea, Western European countries o Countries with the lowest life expectancy ▪ Central African countries o AIDS crisis ▪ Dramatically reducing the life expectancy in some parts of the world

• Africa mainly ▪ 38.1 million infected in Africa from 2000 - 2014 ▪ 25.3 million died in Africa from 2000 - 2014 ▪ Economy and culture
• South Africa and Nigeria have the highest rates of AIDS and the best economies in Africa
• Men move here from rural villages in search of work and families stay home
• Men use prostitutes and get infected
• Infect wives and pass on to kids ▪ More popular in urban areas ▪ More popular in women
• More difficult for women to refuse sex
• Lack of health care
• Lack of education
• Poverty and bartering for food o Women have longer life expectancy ▪ Lower alcohol and drug rates o Life expectancy has increased from 1940s ▪ Better healthcare ▪ Lower infant mortality o Whites have higher life expectancies o Behavioral and socioeconomic links to changing life expectancy ▪ Deep decline in smoking among affluent population ▪ Life expectancy decreasing for those in poverty ▪ Growing lack of access to healthcare as the nature of the economy has changed ▪ Epidemic of prescription and illegal drugs among poor whites
• Workplace injuries are a driver of addiction
• Lack of access to proper health care

o Patterns across the US and public policy ▪ Great plains has the highest and south has the lowest ▪ Age disparities decreased from 1961 - 1983

- Medicare and Medicaid, The Great Society, War on Poverty ▪ Age disparities increased from 1983 - 1999

• Federal money went to other issues, defense spending, tax cuts ▪ Women’s declining life expectancy from 1983 - 1999
• War on poverty fading impacted more women than men
• Trend continues into the 2000s
• Chances of rising out of poverty are far worse in the south ▪ The likelihood of a child outliving their parents has declined since the 1940s
• Doubling Time o The time it takes for a population to double in size o US: 95 years o Mexico: 27 years o Factors ▪ Infant mortality ▪ Life expectancy ▪ Migration Immigration: increase rate Emigration: decrease rate ▪ Fertility ▪ Mortality o Decreasing population in much of Europe due to ▪ Low fertility ▪ High doubling time
• Median Age o Age at which half of the population is younger and half is older o NOT average o Medians hide extremes o Europe: 42 o North America: 35 o Africa: 19 o When a younger population ages, there aren’t enough jobs, young people have nothing to do ▪ Radical political ideaologies become appealing o Countries with the oldest median ages ▪ Germany, Japan, Italy, Austia, Virgin Islands o Countries with the youngest median ages ▪ Niger, Uganda, Mali, Malawi, Zambia o By 2060 ▪ Median age in China will be in the 50s ▪ Increase globally ▪ Niger will be in the teens

o Median age by state ▪ Affected

• immigration and emigration
• job opportunities and weather
• fertility
• international migration
• sex and age structures o sex and age profile help us understand a country’s demographic structure o age structure ▪ dependent population
• those not in the labor force who are supported by those who are ▪ dependency ratio
• number of dependents relative to working age people
• (% aged <15 + % aged >65) / % aged 15 - 64 ▪ North America has a low birth rate and high life expectancy ▪ Implications of dependency ratio - If it is caused by lots of children, this can lead to high rates of population growth
• Government spending patters o Pediatric vs geriatric o Child care vs retirement homes ▪ 25% of the world’s population is under 15 ▪ Aged 65+ population
• Highest in Europe, East Asia, and US
• From 2010 to 2070 the proportion over 65 will increase a lot
• Government concerned about the effects of the aging global population o Health policy implications ▪ More cancer and cardiovascular disease o Sex ratios ▪ Number of males per 100 females
• World: 107:
• US: 106: **- US aged over 65: 67:
• Women have longer life expectancy** ▪ Implications
• Health policy - Widowhood poverty o Feminization of poverty