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Human Growth And Development- Midterm
Lifespan development - โ๏ธ An examination of the biological, cognitive/psychological, and social changes that occur over the course of the human life Qualitative change - โ๏ธ Structure or organization Quantitative change - โ๏ธ Number or amount Nature - โ๏ธ Our born tendencies Nurture - โ๏ธ Our surrounding workd 3 domains of development - โ๏ธ Physical, cognitive, psychosocial Prenatal - โ๏ธ Conception to birth; nine months of rapid growth in which organs and systems appear; extreme sensitivity to environmental influences Infancy - โ๏ธ Birth to 2 years; continued rapid growth; brain development provides the basis for the emergence of motor, cognitive, and physiological accomplishments Early childhood - โ๏ธ 3 to 6 years; physical growth slows somewhat; substantial gains in cognitive and language development; the interplay between socialization and individualiZation shapes personality and influences adjustment Middle childhood - โ๏ธ 7 to 11 years; school becomes a major force in development; physical, cognitive, and psychological abilities become apparent Adolescence - โ๏ธ 12 to 18 years; puberty affects all aspects of development; thought becomes more abstract, academic achievement begins to shape the future; the search for identity continues unabated Early adulthood - โ๏ธ 19 to 34 years; higher education or the beginning of work beckons; relationships are a major focus of these years; marriage and children become central concerns of the lifespan Middle adulthood -
โ๏ธ 35 to 64 years; heightened responsibility; may include care of children and aging parents; growing community involvement; peak period for leadership and influence; a time of physical change (menopause) Late adulthood - โ๏ธ 65+; retirement; eventual declining health and strength; adjusting to death of loved ones; facing ones own mortality; changing lifestyle to enhance successful aging; enjoying greater wisdom SES - โ๏ธ Income, education, occupation Culture - โ๏ธ Customs, values, and traditions inherent in ones environment- the features that define values and styles of life Theory - โ๏ธ Set of related concepts that seek to describe behavior under specific conditions; provides groundwork for hypothesis Hypothesis - โ๏ธ Tentative explanations that can be tested by research; research starting point John Locke- Tabula rosa - โ๏ธ Children were a blank slate Freud's psychoanalytic theory - โ๏ธ Based on the idea of "unconscious mind"; staged are oral, anal, phallic, latency, gential Erikson's psychosocial theory - โ๏ธ Based on the impact of social experiences and incorporates the belief that development is lifelong; each stage of development involves a crisis Classical conditioning - โ๏ธ The leaning process in which a neutral stimulus produces an involuntary response that is usually elicited by another stimulus Operant conditioning - โ๏ธ The use of consequences (reinforcement, punishment) to modify or shape voluntary behavior or actions Alberta bandura's social learning theory - โ๏ธ Theory that refers to the process whereby the information we glean from observing others influences our behavior Piaget's cognitive theory - โ๏ธ Focuses on the development of thought processes and behaviors that reflect those processes; 4 stages- sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete operational, formal operational Lev Vygotsky's sociocultural theory -
Natural childbirth - โ๏ธ The use of no pain medication Vaginal delivery - โ๏ธ Delivering the baby through abdomen Cesarean delivery - โ๏ธ Surgery preformed to deliver the baby through the abdomen if the baby cannot come through the birth csnal Dilation - โ๏ธ First stage; longest; responsible for labor pains Expulsion - โ๏ธ Second stage; uterine contractions drive the fetus through the birth canal (about an hour) Afterbirth - โ๏ธ Third and shortest stage; placenta and other membranes are discharged Preterm, premature - โ๏ธ At or before 37 weeks after conception Post mature - โ๏ธ 2 weeks or more past due date Doula - โ๏ธ Woman trained as a caregiver to provide ongoing support to pregnant women in all stages of pregnancy and delivery Anoxia - โ๏ธ Insufficient oxygen supply during labor and delivery, which can cause fetal brain damage or death Placenta - โ๏ธ Supplies the embryo with all it's needs, carried off all it's wastes, and protects it from harm Low birth weight - โ๏ธ Less than 3 1/2 pounds= more developmental changes Neonate - โ๏ธ An infant in the first days and weeks after birth Fontanels - โ๏ธ Plates in head Isolette - โ๏ธ Specially designed beds for premature infants; plastic-enclosed and temperature- controlled
Lanugo - โ๏ธ Light covering of hair Vernix caseosa - โ๏ธ Protective film/covering Meconium - โ๏ธ Waste buildup in the intentional tract Parturition - โ๏ธ Begins up to 2 weeks before delivery; more estrogen produced; oxytocin produced; hormones that stimulate uterine contractions Apgar - โ๏ธ Evaluates a newborns basic life signs; administered at 1 and 5 min after birth; appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, respiration Cephalocaudal - โ๏ธ Head to tail Proximal distal - โ๏ธ Near to far Rooting reflex - โ๏ธ Automatic response in which an infant turns toward a finger or nipple placed gently on her cheek, attempting to get it into her mojth Moro reflex - โ๏ธ Infants automatic response to sudden change in position or unexpected movement; arms and legs flail out in back in towards chest and back arches Grasping reflex - โ๏ธ Automatic response in which and infants fingers curl toward palm of hand when object or finger is placed in palm Plantar reflex - โ๏ธ Automatic response in which and infants toes curl inward when pressure is placed on the balls of feet Babinski reflex - โ๏ธ Automatic response In which an infants toes spread out in response to stroking the sole of the foot from heel to toes Stepping reflex - โ๏ธ Automatic response in which the neonate, held under the arms with feet touching a flat surface, makes stepping movements similar to walking Tonic-neck reflex - โ๏ธ Automatic response in which an infant extends arm and leg on same side as the direction in which she is looking, while flexing other arm and leg
โ๏ธ Children's use of surrounding context to understand words meaning First emit sounds - โ๏ธ Crying, cooing, babbling Single words - โ๏ธ Holo phrase Two words - โ๏ธ Telegraphic speech Parentese/motherese - โ๏ธ Child directed sorrch Attachment - โ๏ธ Behavior intended to keep a child (or adult) in close proximity to a significant other Strange situation - โ๏ธ Measure designed to assess the quality of attachment Harry Harlow - โ๏ธ Studied attachment via rhesus monkeys Temperament - โ๏ธ Individual differences; unique and stable styles of behaving Goodness of fit - โ๏ธ Concept coined by Chess and Thomas that describes the match between a child's temperament and his/Her environment Myelination - โ๏ธ Process by which speed of information traveling through nervous system increases, due to a fatty layer of cells on nerve cells in the brain Gross motor skills - โ๏ธ Large muscle skills resulting from physical development enabling children to preform smooth and coordinated physical acts; ex- running, jumping Fine motor skills - โ๏ธ Small muscle skills involving hands and fingers that result from physical development Pre-operational stage - โ๏ธ Piaget's second stage; 2-7 years; use symbols to represent objects and events in their environment Animism - โ๏ธ Children's pre-operational activity in which they consider inanimate objects to possess human thought, feelings, and actions Representation - โ๏ธ A child's application of abstract thinking during the pre-operational period
Deferred imitation - โ๏ธ Children's pre-operational behavior that continues after they witnessed the original action or event Centration - โ๏ธ Feature of the pre-operational thought; the centering of attention on one aspect of an object and the neglecting of any other features Classification - โ๏ธ Ability to group objects with some similarities within a larger category Conservation - โ๏ธ The understanding that an object retains certain properties even though surface features change Theory of mind - โ๏ธ Children's understanding of their own thoughts and mental processes Scaffolding - โ๏ธ The systematic use of support to assist a child in his or her performance on a given task Zone of proximal development - โ๏ธ The range of ability a child possesses on a given task, from working independently to working with assistance from adults or older children Authoritarian parenting - โ๏ธ These parents are demanding, and for them immediate obedience is the most desirable trait in a child Authoritative parenting - โ๏ธ These parents respond to their child's needs and wishes Permissive parenting - โ๏ธ These parents take a tolerant, accepting view of their children's behavior, including both aggressive and sexual urges Uninvolved/neglectful parenting - โ๏ธ These parents tend to be quite detached from the children's lives Gender identity - โ๏ธ The conviction that one is either male or female Unoccupied play - โ๏ธ Children are seen as observers and not actually engaged in any activity Solitary play - โ๏ธ Children play by themselves and are not involved with others Onlooker play -
