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Human Reproduction: A Comprehensive Guide to Male and Female Systems, Lecture notes of Biology

Mariano Marcos State University (MMSU)Biology

12. is a deliberate understatement used to affirm by negating its opposite. 13.Apostrophe- is a direct address to someone absent, long dead or even to inanimate objects or ideas.

Typology: Lecture notes

2021/2022

Uploaded on 10/27/2022

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Male Reproductive System
The male reproductive system is mostly located outside of the body.
These external organs include the penis, scrotum and testicles. Internal
organs include the vas deferens, prostate and urethra. The male
reproductive system is responsible for sexual function, as well as
urination.
The male reproductive system includes a group of organs that make
up a man’s reproductive and urinary system. These organs do the
following jobs within your body:
They produce, maintain and transport sperm (the male
reproductive cells) and semen (the protective fluid around
sperm).
They discharge sperm into the female reproductive tract.
They produce and secrete male sex hormones.
The male reproductive system is made up of internal (inside your
body) and external (outside your body) parts. Together, these organs
help you urinate (rid your body of liquid waste materials), have sexual
intercourse and make children.
How does the male reproductive system function?
The entire male reproductive system is dependent on hormones.
These are chemicals that stimulate or regulate the activity of your cells
or organs. The primary hormones involved in the functioning of the
male reproductive system are follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH),
luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone.
FSH and LH are produced by the pituitary gland. It’s located at the
base of your brain and it’s responsible for many functions in your
body. FSH is necessary for sperm production (spermatogenesis). LH
stimulates the production of testosterone, which is necessary to
continue the process of spermatogenesis. Testosterone is also
important in the development of male characteristics, including muscle
mass and strength, fat distribution, bone mass and sex drive.
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Male Reproductive System

The male reproductive system is mostly located outside of the body. These external organs include the penis, scrotum and testicles. Internal organs include the vas deferens, prostate and urethra. The male reproductive system is responsible for sexual function, as well as urination. The male reproductive system includes a group of organs that make up a man’s reproductive and urinary system. These organs do the following jobs within your body:  They produce, maintain and transport sperm (the male reproductive cells) and semen (the protective fluid around sperm).  They discharge sperm into the female reproductive tract.  They produce and secrete male sex hormones. The male reproductive system is made up of internal (inside your body) and external (outside your body) parts. Together, these organs help you urinate (rid your body of liquid waste materials), have sexual intercourse and make children. How does the male reproductive system function? The entire male reproductive system is dependent on hormones. These are chemicals that stimulate or regulate the activity of your cells or organs. The primary hormones involved in the functioning of the male reproductive system are follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone. FSH and LH are produced by the pituitary gland. It’s located at the base of your brain and it’s responsible for many functions in your body. FSH is necessary for sperm production (spermatogenesis). LH stimulates the production of testosterone, which is necessary to continue the process of spermatogenesis. Testosterone is also important in the development of male characteristics, including muscle mass and strength, fat distribution, bone mass and sex drive.

What are the external male reproductive structures? Most of the male reproductive system is located outside of your abdominal cavity or pelvis. The external parts of the male reproductive system include the penis, the scrotum and the testicles. Penis The penis is the male organ for sexual intercourse. It has three parts:  The root : This is the part of the penis that attaches to the wall of your abdomen.  The body or shaft : Shaped like a tube or cylinder, the body of the penis is made up of three internal chambers. Inside these chambers there’s a special, sponge-like erectile tissue that contains thousands of large spaces that fill with blood when you’re sexually aroused. As the penis fills with blood, it becomes rigid and erect, which allows for penetration during sex. The skin of the penis is loose and elastic, allowing for changes in penis size during an erection.  The glans : This is the cone-shaped end of the penis. The glans, which is also called the head of the penis, is covered with a loose layer of skin called foreskin. This skin is sometimes removed in a procedure called circumcision. The opening of the urethra — the tube that transports both semen and urine out of the body — is located at the tip of the glans penis. The penis also contains many sensitive nerve endings. Semen, which contains sperm, is expelled (ejaculated) through the end of the penis when a man reaches sexual climax (orgasm). When the penis is erect, the flow of urine is blocked from the urethra, allowing only semen to be ejaculated at orgasm. Scrotum The scrotum is the loose pouch-like sac of skin that hangs behind the penis. It holds the testicles (also called testes), as well as many nerves and blood vessels. The scrotum protects your testes, as well

Urethra : The urethra is the tube that carries urine from the bladder to outside of your body. In males, it has the additional function of expelling (ejaculating) semen when you reach orgasm. When the penis is erect during sex, the flow of urine is blocked from the urethra, allowing only semen to be ejaculated at orgasm.  Seminal vesicles : The seminal vesicles are sac-like pouches that attach to the vas deferens near the base of the bladder. The seminal vesicles make a sugar-rich fluid (fructose) that provides sperm with a source of energy and helps with the sperms’ ability to move (motility). The fluid of the seminal vesicles makes up most of the volume of your ejaculatory fluid, or ejaculate.  Prostate gland : The prostate gland is a walnut-sized structure that’s located below the urinary bladder in front of the rectum. The prostate gland contributes additional fluid to the ejaculate. Prostate fluids also help to nourish the sperm. The urethra, which carries the ejaculate to be expelled during orgasm, runs through the center of the prostate gland.  Bulbourethral glands : The bulbourethral glands, or Cowper’s glands, are pea-sized structures located on the sides of the urethra, just below the prostate gland. These glands produce a clear, slippery fluid that empties directly into the urethra. This fluid serves to lubricate the urethra and to neutralize any acidity that may be present due to residual drops of urine in the urethra.

Female reproductive system The female reproductive system is made up of the internal and external sex organs that function in reproduction of new offspring. In humans, the female reproductive system is immature at birth and develops to maturity at puberty to be able to produce gametes, and to carry a foetus to full term. The female reproductive system provides several functions. The ovaries produce the egg cells, called the ova or oocytes. The oocytes are then transported to the fallopian tube where fertilization by a

Bartholin’s glands : These glands are located next to the vaginal opening on each side and produce a fluid (mucus) secretion.  Clitoris : The two labia minora meet at the clitoris, a small, sensitive protrusion that is comparable to the penis in males. The clitoris is covered by a fold of skin, called the prepuce, which is similar to the foreskin at the end of the penis. Like the penis, the clitoris is very sensitive to stimulation and can become erect. The internal reproductive organs include:  Vagina : The vagina is a canal that joins the cervix (the lower part of uterus) to the outside of the body. It also is known as the birth canal.  Uterus (womb) : The uterus is a hollow, pear-shaped organ that is the home to a developing fetus. The uterus is divided into two parts: the cervix, which is the lower part that opens into the vagina, and the main body of the uterus, called the corpus. The corpus can easily expand to hold a developing baby. A canal through the cervix allows sperm to enter and menstrual blood to exit.

Ovaries : The ovaries are small, oval-shaped glands that are located on either side of the uterus. The ovaries produce eggs and hormones.  Fallopian tubes : These are narrow tubes that are attached to the upper part of the uterus and serve as pathways for the ova (egg cells) to travel from the ovaries to the uterus. Fertilization of an egg by a sperm normally occurs in the fallopian tubes. The fertilized egg then moves to the uterus, where it implants to the uterine lining.