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LESSON 5
PSYCHOPATHOLOGY IN HISTORICAL CONTEXT III
PSYCHOLOGICAL MODEL
Humanistic Model Humanistic view puts the emphasis on the positive aspects of life, free choices and personal growth experiences. Abnormality results from refusal to accept personal responsibility for one’s own actions and thoughts. So human behavior is caused by the choices we make voluntarily. The Humanistics assume that human nature is inherently good and they blame abnormal / aggressive behavior caused by the society but not by the individual.
Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) postulated a hierarchy of needs beginning with physiological needs at the bottom and self actualization at the top. An individual must meet the basic needs before trying to meet the higher needs.
Self Actualization
Self Esteem
Love and Belongingness
Safety Needs
Psychological Needs
Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs
The triangle or pyramid has a broad base and narrow top, so majority of individuals are involved at fulfilling basic needs and only few reach the top i.e. self actualization means that we can reach our highest potential in all areas of functioning if we had freedom to grow. Majority of the people are involved in fulfilling the needs at the lower level and it is very few who reach the top e.g. Quaid-e-Azam, Dr Abdul Salam.
Carl Rogers (1902-1987) originated the client centered therapy, later known as person centered approach. The therapist takes a passive position and provides the client and environment to develop insight about the self consists of all the perceptions, ideas and values that characterize “I” “Me” i.e. what I am and what I can do.
The main constructs of the theory are unconditional positive regard and empathy. Unconditional positive regard being given the sense that they are valued by parents and others even when they are less than ideal or perfect.
Empathy is understanding the of client’s world from client’s frame of reference or putting, yourself in the client’s shoe and trying to understand his problem how he perceives it.
Behavioral Model / Cognitive-Behavioral / social learning model Behavioral model emphasizes that behavior patterns (both normal and abnormal) are learned from the environment. The three forms of learning associated with psychological disorders are
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- Classical Conditioning
- Operant Conditioning
- Observational learning/Modeling.
Classical Conditioning It is a basic form of learning, discovered by a Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936). Pavlov and associates were investigating salivation process in dogs. They gave meat powder and the dog salivate it.
The Classical Conditioning process involves following terms
UCS → Unconditioned stimulus UCR →Unconditioned response CS → Conditioned stimulus CR → Conditioned response
The dogs salivated as the researchers were about to provide meat power, soon after the dogs salivated at the sight of the researchers and also to the sound of their footsteps
Meat powder → salivation UCS UCR
Sight of researchers → Salivation Footsteps of researcher
CS CR
Now learning comes in form of any association with any person or object. This is unconditioned stimulus. In this case sight of the researchers or the footsteps of the researchers acquires the power to elicit the same response so now footsteps or sight of researchers is the conditioned stimulus leading to conditioned response.
Extinction CS → CR Now conditioned stimulus does lead to conditioned response. This is extinction. That is the footsteps of the researchers or their sight did not lead to salivation. In another classic study by Watson (1878-1958) an 11 months old boy Little Albert – acquired a conditioned fear. Albert was introduced to a white rat, he showed no fear to it. When Albert tried to reach the white rat, a loud noise was produced which startled little Albert. This process was repeated for a number of trials, so little Albert learnt to be afraid of white rat or through classical conditioning; Little Albert acquired the fear or Phobia of white rat.
White rate + loud noise → Fear NS Paired UCS UCR
The neutral stimulus was white rat paired with unconditioned stimulus loud noise leading to fear response in little Albert. After a number of trials, the neutral stimulus took the status of conditioned stimulus and evoked the conditioned response that is fear. White rat → Fear CS CR
Stimulus Generalization Little Albert became afraid of all white furry animals, toys, so this is called stimulus generalization i.e. the response generalizes to all similar objects. Watson’s Student Mary Cover Jones (1896-1987) thought that if fear could be learned or acquired or classically conditioned perhaps it could be un-learned/extinction can take place. She worked with a boy Peter, who was three years old, who were already afraid of white rabbits.
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- Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy. (REBT) (Albert Ellis) 1962
- Cognitive Theory Of Depression (Aaron Beck - 1967)
- Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy. (REBT) (Albert Ellis) 1962 According to Albert Ellis, maladaptive behavior results when people operate on misguided and inaccurate assumptions. Ellis catalogued 11 irrational believes responsible for maladaptive behavior. The ABC of rational emotive behavior therapy is where: A – Activating event B – Belief System C – Emotional behavioral consequences.
A → C
Activating Emotional Behavioral Event consequences
A → B → C
Activating events Filter through one’s Belief system
A → B → C
Irrational beliefs
Activating event A can cause unwanted emotional and behavioral consequences when filter through beliefs that are irrational.
2. Cognitive Theory of Depression. For Beck, depressed people possess a negative cognitive triad.
About themselves Deprived, defeated diseased. Depressed individual the world which is and negative cognitions full of road blocks
Future which is devoid of hope
Beck says depressed individual see themselves as defeated, deprived and diseased and their world as full of road blocks and their future without hope.
Summary The models discussed were
- Supernatural Model
- Biological Model
- Psychological Model
- Humanistic Model
- Behavioral Model
- Cognitive Model
- Cognitive theory of depression.
In today’s world psychologists study abnormal behavior not with reference to one single model rather they adopt the integrative approach which respond to all aspects of abnormal behavior.
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