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Igneous Rocks: Formation, Types, and Properties, Study notes of Geology

Aligarh Muslim UniversityGeology

An overview of igneous rocks, their formation, differences between minerals and rocks, the three main types of rocks (igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic), the concept of magma and lava, the factors influencing magma's melting temperature, and the properties of magma and lava. It also covers the four types of magma and their origins.

Typology: Study notes

2012/2013

Uploaded on 07/18/2013

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8. Igneous Rocks I (p. 102-104; 114-116)
What Makes a Rock?
What is the difference between a mineral and a rock?
A mineral is: ___________________________ ________________________________ __
A rock is: _______________________________________________________________
Do rocks have a che mical formula? YES or NO
The three rock types are:
• 1._______________ - How do they form?: _______________________________
• 2._______________ - How do they form?: _______________________________
• 3._______________ - How do they form?: _______________________________
Magma and Lava
Inside the Earth, molten rock is called ______________.
On the surface of the Earth, molten rock is called _____________.
Why do rocks melt? ____________________________________________________
________________________________ ____________________________________
The rate that temperature increases wi th increasing depth inside the Earth is called the:
________________________________ ___
On average, this temperature gradient is about _____ °C increase per 1km increase in depth into the
Earth.
Is the geothermal gradient the same everywhere on Earth? ____________________
________________________________ ____________________________________
Contour lines of equal temperature, used to represent the changing temperature wi th depth inside the
Earth, are called ____________________. They show that the rate of temperature increase is highest
beneath the oceans.
Most rock types will start to melt at the Earth’s surface at temperatures of between ______°C and
_______°C. Temperatures this high are reached at a depth of about 100 km/62 mi below the continents.
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8. Igneous Rocks I (p. 102-104; 114-116)

What Makes a Rock? What is the difference between a mineral and a rock? A mineral is: _____________________________________________________________ A rock is: _______________________________________________________________ Do rocks have a chemical formula? YES or NO The three rock types are:

  • 1._______________ - How do they form?: _______________________________
  • 2._______________ - How do they form?: _______________________________
  • 3._______________ - How do they form?: _______________________________ Magma and Lava Inside the Earth, molten rock is called ______________. On the surface of the Earth, molten rock is called _____________. Why do rocks melt? ____________________________________________________

The rate that temperature increases with increasing depth inside the Earth is called the: ___________________________________ On average, this temperature gradient is about _____ °C increase per 1km increase in depth into the Earth. Is the geothermal gradient the same everywhere on Earth? ____________________

Contour lines of equal temperature, used to represent the changing temperature with depth inside the Earth, are called ____________________. They show that the rate of temperature increase is highest beneath the oceans. Most rock types will start to melt at the Earth’s surface at temperatures of between ______°C and _______°C. Temperatures this high are reached at a depth of about 100 km/62 mi below the continents.

So why isn't the whole inside of the Earth a liquid below 100 km?

  1. The _______________ also increases with depth, which affects melting temperatures. As pressure increases, melting temperature _____________.
  2. Also, the presence of ___________ in the magma tends to lower the melting temperature. Pressure is the most important control on the melting temperature of particular rock types. The Origin of Magma In rocks, different minerals have different melting temperatures at a particular pressure. Which mineral will start to melt first as a rock gets heated up inside the Earth?

This process of melting different minerals at different times as a rock gets heated up is called ________________________. e.g., the mineral _______________ tends to melt before other minerals. The chemistry of the melted portion is very different to the chemistry of the solid minerals left behind. If we raise the temperature high enough though, eventually the whole rock will melt. If we were to somehow remove the partial melt before all of the rock gets melted, we would leave behind bits of rock with a different chemistry to the rock that we started out with. The melted part would also have a different chemistry to the original rock. This process of separating the melt from the solid rock is called __________________. It happens a lot inside the Earth because high pressures squeeze the melted part out of the solid parts like water out of a sponge. As a result of these processes, we end up with many different types of igneous rocks that form from the melted parts (magma) and the left-behind solid parts. Why does magma move up towards the Earth's surface? ______________________________________ From how deep does most magma originate? _____________________ Most magma first accumulates underground in a large reservoir or pod of magma called a_____________________. Eventually, it will erupt onto the surface as lava. Properties of Magma and Lava The most abundant elements in the Earth's crust are: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Na, K, H, O What is the most abundant component of magma? _______________

Igneous Rocks Igneous rocks can form through one of two processes:

  • through accumulation and hardening of ______________________ (hot ash).
  • through the process of cooling and ______________________ of minerals from magma or lava. The type of minerals that grow is determined by the __________________ of the magma or lava. The type of igneous rock that forms is determined by the ________________________ that crystallize out of the magma or lava. Do rocks that form from lava have big or small crystals? BIG or SMALL Do rocks that form from magma have big or small crystals? BIG or SMALL FINAL QUESTION: During crystallization, what controls the size of crystals that grow?