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This subtest measures mastery of physical sciences including mechanics, thermodynamics, waves, sound, optics, electricity, magnetism, modern physics, and nuclear science. Candidates must apply mathematical reasoning, data analysis, and laboratory methods to solve problems. Instructional emphasis includes using models, demonstrations, and inquiry-based teaching approaches aligned with NGSS.
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Question 1. Which step comes first in the scientific method? A) Collecting data B) Forming a hypothesis C) Making observations D) Analyzing results Answer: C Explanation: Observations are made first to identify a problem or question before proposing hypotheses or collecting data. Question 2. What is the SI unit of force? A) Joule B) Newton C) Pascal D) Watt Answer: B Explanation: The SI unit for force is the newton (N).
Question 3. Which of the following best defines a vector quantity? A) Has magnitude only B) Has direction only C) Has magnitude and direction D) Has neither magnitude nor direction Answer: C Explanation: Vectors have both magnitude and direction, unlike scalars. Question 4. Which laboratory safety rule is most important when handling chemicals? A) Eating during experiments B) Wearing safety goggles C) Touching chemicals with bare hands D) Running in the lab Answer: B
Answer: C Explanation: Mass has only magnitude, making it a scalar. Question 7. What is the main difference between solids and liquids? A) Solids have fixed shape, liquids do not B) Liquids have fixed volume, solids do not C) Solids can flow, liquids cannot D) Solids have variable density, liquids do not Answer: A Explanation: Solids maintain a fixed shape, while liquids take the shape of their container. Question 8. Which law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed? A) Newton’s Second Law B) Law of Conservation of Momentum
C) Law of Conservation of Energy D) Coulomb's Law Answer: C Explanation: The law of conservation of energy states that energy can only change forms. Question 9. Which is an example of kinetic energy? A) A compressed spring B) A moving car C) A hot cup of coffee D) Water behind a dam Answer: B Explanation: Kinetic energy is the energy of motion, such as a moving car. Question 10. Dimensional analysis is used to: A) Prove chemical reactions
Question 12. The slope of a position-time graph represents: A) Acceleration B) Force C) Velocity D) Displacement Answer: C Explanation: Slope of a position-time graph gives velocity. Question 13. In projectile motion, which component of velocity remains constant (ignoring air resistance)? A) Vertical B) Horizontal C) Both D) Neither Answer: B Explanation: The horizontal component of velocity is constant in ideal projectile motion.
Question 14. Which of Newton’s laws states that an object at rest stays at rest unless acted upon by a force? A) First Law B) Second Law C) Third Law D) Law of Gravitation Answer: A Explanation: Newton’s First Law is the law of inertia. Question 15. What force always acts opposite to the direction of motion? A) Tension B) Friction C) Normal force D) Gravitational force Answer: B
D) Displacement / time Answer: B Explanation: Work = Fd cosθ, where θ is the angle between force and displacement. Question 18. What is the unit of power in the SI system? A) Joule B) Newton C) Watt D) Volt Answer: C Explanation: Power is measured in watts (W). Question 19. Which type of collision conserves both momentum and kinetic energy? A) Inelastic B) Elastic
C) Explosive D) Mixed Answer: B Explanation: Elastic collisions conserve both momentum and kinetic energy. Question 20. The impulse experienced by an object is equal to: A) Force divided by time B) Change in momentum C) Change in velocity D) Mass times velocity Answer: B Explanation: Impulse equals the change in momentum (Δp). Question 21. Which particle has a positive electric charge? A) Electron B) Neutron
B) Away from the charge C) Perpendicular to the charge D) In circles around the charge Answer: B Explanation: Electric field lines point away from positive charges. Question 24. Ohm’s Law relates: A) Voltage, current, resistance B) Power, energy, time C) Force, mass, acceleration D) Charge, field, distance Answer: A Explanation: Ohm’s Law: V = IR. Question 25. Which device stores electric charge? A) Resistor
B) Battery C) Capacitor D) Generator Answer: C Explanation: Capacitors store electric charge. Question 26. In a series circuit, the total resistance is: A) The sum of individual resistances B) Lower than any single resistor C) The product of all resistances D) Zero Answer: A Explanation: Series resistances add. Question 27. What happens to the current in a parallel circuit when more branches are added? A) Stays the same
B) Moving charges C) Neutrons D) Photons Answer: B Explanation: Moving electric charges produce magnetic fields. Question 30. The direction of the magnetic force on a moving positive charge is determined by: A) Newton’s Law B) Right-hand rule C) Hooke’s Law D) Ohm’s Law Answer: B Explanation: The right-hand rule gives the direction of magnetic force.
Question 31. Faraday’s Law states that a changing magnetic field: A) Produces an electric charge B) Produces a gravitational force C) Induces an electric current D) Stops electric flow Answer: C Explanation: Faraday’s Law describes electromagnetic induction. Question 32. Which of the following best defines a scientific hypothesis? A) A proven fact B) An untestable guess C) A testable explanation or prediction D) A law Answer: C
Explanation: The normal force is perpendicular to the contact surface. Question 35. Which is a property of gases not shared by solids or liquids? A) Definite volume B) Definite shape C) Compressibility D) Fixed density Answer: C Explanation: Gases are highly compressible. Question 36. When energy is transformed from one form to another, the total energy: A) Increases B) Decreases C) Remains constant
D) Doubles Answer: C Explanation: Energy transformations do not change total energy. Question 37. The magnitude of acceleration due to gravity near Earth’s surface is approximately: A) 1 m/s² B) 9.8 m/s² C) 32 m/s² D) 100 m/s² Answer: B Explanation: Standard gravity is about 9.8 m/s². Question 38. What is the primary function of a laboratory fume hood? A) Provide heat
