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ILTS ELEMENTARY EDUCATION
Nouns - Precise answer A person, place, thing, or idea Common Noun - Precise answer The class or group of people, places, and things (not capitalized) Proper Nouns - Precise answer The names of a specific person, place, or thing (capitalized) General Nouns - Precise answer The names of conditions or ideas Specific Nouns - Precise answer Names people, places, and things that are understood by using your senses Collective Nouns - Precise answer The names for a person, place or thing that may act as a whole Pronouns - Precise answer Words that are used to stand in for a noun Nominative Nouns and Pronouns - Precise answer The case for nouns and pronouns that are the subject of a sentence Objective Nouns and Pronouns - Precise answer The case for nouns and pronouns that are an object in a sentence Possessive Nouns and Pronouns - Precise answer The case for nouns and pronouns that show possession or ownership How can Pronouns be Grouped? - Precise answer -Intensive (I myself, you yourself, he himself, she herself, the itself, we ourselves, you yourselves, they themselves) -Relative (which, who, whom, whose) -Interrogative (what, which, who, whom, whose)
-Demonstrative (this, that, these, those) -Indefinite (all, any, each, everyone, either/neither, one, some, several) -Reciprocal (each other, one another) Transitive Verbs - Precise answer A verb whose action points to a receiver Intransitive Verbs - Precise answer A verb that does not point to a receiver of an action Action Verbs - Precise answer A verb that shows what subject is doing in a sentence Linking Verbs - Precise answer Link the subject of a sentence to a noun or pronoun or link a subject with an adjective Transitive Verbs-Active Voice - Precise answer The subject of the sentence is doing the action Transitive Verbs-Passive Voice - Precise answer The subject receives the action Past Verbs - Precise answer The action happened in the past Present Verbs - Precise answer The action happens at the current time Future Verbs - Precise answer The action is going to happen later Past Perfect Verbs - Precise answer The second action started in the past and the first action came before the second Present Perfect Verbs - Precise answer The action started in the past and continues into the present
Prepositions - Precise answer A word placed before a noun or pronoun that shows the relationship between an object and another word in the sentence Conjunctions - Precise answer Join words, phrases, or clauses and they show the connection between the join pieces Correlative Conjunctions - Precise answer Show the connection between pairs Subordinating Conjunctions - Precise answer Join subordinate clauses with independent clauses Common Subordinating Conjunctions - Precise answer After, although, because, before, in order that, since, so that, unless, until, when, whenever, where, wherever, whether, while Interjections - Precise answer A word for exclamation that is used alone or as a piece to a sentence Subject - Precise answer Names who or what the sentence is all about Complete Subject - Precise answer Includes the simple subject and all of its modifiers Simple Subject - Precise answer The subject of the sentence Imperitove Sentences - Precise answer The verbs subject is understood, but not actually presented in the sentence Predicate - Precise answer Explains or describes the subject Subject Verb Agreement - Precise answer Verbs agree with their subjects in number Complements - Precise answer A noun, pronoun, or adjective that is used to give more information about the subject or verb in the sentence
Direct Objects - Precise answer A noun or pronoun takes or receives the action of a verb Indirect Objects - Precise answer A word or group of words that show how an action had an influence on someone or something Predicate Nominatives - Precise answer The word (noun or pronoun) that gets linked to the subject in the predicate that describe or define the subject Predicate Adjectives - Precise answer The word (adjective) that gets linked to the subject in the predicate that describe or define the subject Pronoun-Antecedents Agreement - Precise answer Pronouns and their antecedents agree when they have the same number and gender Clauses - Precise answer A group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate Independent Clauses - Precise answer Contains a complete thought (stands alone) Dependent/Subordinate Clauses - Precise answer Includes a subject and verb (cant stand alone) Adjective Clauses - Precise answer A dependent clause that modifies a noun or pronoun Essential Clauses - Precise answer Explains or defines a person or thing (no comma) Nonessential Clauses - Precise answer Give more information about a person or thing but are not necessary to define them (uses comma) Adverb Clauses - Precise answer A dependent clause that modifies a verb, adjective, or adverb Noun Clause - Precise answer A dependent clause that can be used as a subject, object, or complement
Proper Parallel Structures - Precise answer Items and ideas must be stated in grammatically equivalent ways Complete Sentence - Precise answer Has a subject and a verb or predicate Fragments - Precise answer Sentences without a complete thought Declarative Sentences - Precise answer States a fact and ends with a period Imperative Sentences - Precise answer Tells someone to do something and ends with a period Interrogative Sentences - Precise answer Asks a question and ends with a question mark Exclamatory Sentences - Precise answer Shows strong emotion and ends with an exclamation point Simple Sentences - Precise answer Has 1 independent clause with no dependent clauses Compound Sentences - Precise answer Has 2 or more independent clauses with no dependent clauses Complex Sentences - Precise answer Has 1 independent clause and at least 1 dependent clause Compound-Complex Sentences - Precise answer Has 2 independent clauses and at least 1 dependent clause Run-On Sentences - Precise answer Consist of multiple independent clauses that have not been joined together properly How to Correct Run-On Sentences? - Precise answer -Join Clauses Properly
-Split into separate sentences -Make 1 clause dependent -Reduce to 1 clause with a compound verb Dangling Modifier - Precise answer A dependent clause or verbal phrase that does not have a clear logical connection to a word in the sentence Split Infinitive - Precise answer Occurs when a modifying word comes between the word to and the verb that pairs with to Negative Modifiers - Precise answer Should not be paired with other negative modifiers or negative words When do you use a Period? - Precise answer -Declarative sentences -Imperative sentences -Abbreviations When do you use a Question Mark? - Precise answer -Direct questions -Polite requests When do you use an Exclamation Mark? - Precise answer Exclamatory interjections Comma - Precise answer A punctuation mark that can help you understand connections in a sentence When do you use a Comma? - Precise answer -Before a coordinating conjunction -After an introductory phrase -After an adverbial clause
-After the greeting in a formal letter, to show hours and minutes, and Separate a title and subtitle Parentheses - Precise answer Are used for additional information When do you use Quotation Marks? - Precise answer -Close off a persons spoken or written words -Titles and short works -Highlight irony -Inside for periods and commas -Outside for colons and semicolons Apostrophe - Precise answer Use to show possession or the deletion of letters in contractions Hyphens - Precise answer Used to separate compound words When do you use Hyphens? - Precise answer -Compound numbers -Written our fractions -Adjectives that come before a noun Dashes - Precise answer To show a break or a change in thought in a sentence or to act as parentheses in a sentence When do you use Dashes? - Precise answer -To set off parenthetical statements or an appositive with internal punctuation -To show a break or change in tone or thought Ellipsis - Precise answer Has 3 periods to show when words have been removed from a quotation
When do you use Brackets? - Precise answer -When placing parentheses inside of parentheses -When adding clarification or detail to quotation that is not part of the quotation Commonly Confused Words - Precise answer -Which (used for things only) -That (used for people and things) -Who (used for people only) Homophones - Precise answer Words that sound alike, but have different spellings and definitions Examples of Homophones - Precise answer -To, too, and two -There, their, and they're -Knew and new -its and it's -your and you're Commonly Confused Words 2 - Precise answer -Then (sequence or order) -Than (comparison) Forms of Affect and Effect - Precise answer -Affect [n] (feeling, emotion, or mood that is displayed) -Affect [v] (to alter, to change, to influence) -Effect [n] (a result, a consequence)
-Explain how the point and the evidence are related to the thesis What should be Addressed in the Last Part of an Essay? - Precise answer -Summary of Points 1- -Thesis Statement Informative/Explanatory Writing - Precise answer Writing based on something that is true or factual Argumentative Writing - Precise answer Writing strives to prove something that may or may not be true or factual Narrative Writing - Precise answer Writing that tells a story Concrete Language - Precise answer Provides informations that readers can grasp and empathize with Abstract Language - Precise answer More general, can leave readers felling disconnected, empty, or even confused Journals - Precise answer A personal account of events, experiences, feelings, and thoughts Letters - Precise answer Messages written to other people Blogs - Precise answer Writing done exclusively on the internet How can Outlines help with Writing? - Precise answer -Facilitate quick identification of the main point and supporting details -Helps analyze a piece of existing writing Words to Signal Introduction - Precise answer First of all Words to Signal Points - Precise answer Also, in addition, besides, moreover, furthermore, not only that
Words to Signal Conculsion - Precise answer Lastly, finally, last but not least Paragraph - Precise answer A group of sentences that forms a unit separate from other paragraphs How to Write an Effective Paragraph? - Precise answer -Focus on 1 main idea -Use specific details -Use structural patterns Types of Structural Patterns - Precise answer -Narration -Description -Definition -Example and illustration -Division and classification -Comparison and contrast -Analogy -Cause and effect -Process Coherence - Precise answer Details that fit together and flow well to clearly understand the main points Transitions - Precise answer Guide readers from idea to idea
Formal Writing - Precise answer Addressing a superior in school or work environment Informal Writing - Precise answer Appropriate for private letters, personal emails, and business correspondence between close associates Cliches - Precise answer Phrases that have been overused to the point that the phrase has no importance or has lost the original meaning Jargon - Precise answer Specialized vocabulary that is used among members of a trade or profession Slang - Precise answer Informal and sometimes private language that is understood by some individuals Colloquiums - Precise answer Word or phrase that is found in informal writing Tone - Precise answer The writers attitude towards the topic, and to the audience Concisness - Precise answer Writing that you need to get your message across in the fewest words possible Figurative Language - Precise answer Language that goes beyond the literal meaning of a word or phrase Types of Figurative Language - Precise answer -Hyperbole (excessive exaggeration for humor) -Onomatopoeia (words that imitate the sounds they name) -Simile (compares using like or as) -Metaphor (compares without using like or as) -Personification (describing a thing or animal as a person)
-Alliteration (series of words containing the same sound) -Imagery (create mental images of the story) Descriptive Language - Precise answer Evokes imagery in the readers mind to make a story come alive Figure of Speech - Precise answer Word of phrase that departs from straight forward, literal language Literacy - Precise answer The ability to read and write Reading Literacy - Precise answer Ability to read Writing Literacy - Precise answer Includes spelling, grammar, and sentence structure Phonological Awareness - Precise answer The ability to perceive sound structures in a spoken language Phonemes - Precise answer The sounds represented by the eaters in the alphabet Classroom Activities that Teach Phonological Awareness - Precise answer -Clapping to the sounds of individual words, names, or all words in a sentence -Practice saying blended phonemes -Singing songs that involve phoneme replacement -Reading poems, songs, and nursery rhymes out loud -Reading patterned and predictable texts out loud -Listening to environmental sounds or following verbal directions
-Promoting conversations among children -Providing feedback to let children know they have been heard and understood -Providing further explanation when needed Oral Language Development - Precise answer Does not occur naturally, but does occur in a social context Written Language Development - Precise answer Occurs without direct instruction How to Provide a Print Rich Environment? - Precise answer -Displaying -Graphic organizers -Big books Benefits of Print and Book Awareness - Precise answer -Connection between print and messages -Reading and writing are ways to obtain information and communicate ideas -Print runs from left to right or top to bottom -The book has parts -The book has an author and contains a story -The illustrations can carry meaning -Letters and words are different -Words and sentences are separated by spaces and punctuation -There are different text forms
-Print represents spoken language -How to hold a book Facts Children should know about Letters - Precise answer -Letters are distinct in appearance -Direction and shapes must be used to make each letter -Each letter has a name -There are 26 letters in the alphabet -Letters represent sounds of speech -Words are composed of letters and have meaning -To read, one must be able to correspond letters and sounds Decoding - Precise answer Method or strategy used to make sense of printed words and figure out how to correctly pronounce them Phonics - Precise answer Process of learning to read by learning how spoken language is represented by letters Fluency - Precise answer The goal of literacy development, to read accurately and quickly Vocabulary - Precise answer The list of words that students understand and comprehend How can Teacher Promote Vocabulary Development? - Precise answer - Prior knowledge -Defining Words -Context clues
