Immune System Function - Human Anatomy and Physiology - Lecture Handouts, Lecture notes of Physiology

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Immune System Function Antigen enters body – B lymphocytes become plasma cells Plasma Cells – produce antibodies Antigen – Antibody response T Cell lymphocytes react to destroy antigens directly Antigens destroyed indirectly by recruiting other lymphocytes or macrophages Effective against bacteria, fungi, virus, cancer, transplanted cells Numbers (consult text) – normal values: WBC x ( 3 ) 4.5 to 11. RBC x ( 6 ) 3.5 to 5. Hemoglobin: Female 12 to 16 g/100mL Male 14 to 18 g/100mL Hematocrit: Female 36 to 48 mL/100mL Male 40 to 54 mL/100mL Mean Cell Volume 80- Mean Cell Hemoglobin 26 to 34 Hemoglobin Content 31 to 37 Platelet Count x ( 3 ) 150- WBC Differential SEGs 50-60% Bands 3-8% Lymphocytes 25-40% Monocytes 2- Eosinophils 1- Basophils 0- Neutrophils 100 Neutrophil count is extremely important, reduced numbers can lead to severe infection. Below 1000/mm 3 the neutrophils are neutropenic. Cancer patients have special problems with neutropenia. Blood Plasma A. Components:

1. water 91.5%
2. inorganic salts 1.5%
3. plasma proteins 7.0%

B. Plasma proteins:

1. Albumin 60%
2. Globulin 36% (alpha, beta, gamma)
3. Fibrinogen 4% C. Plasma nutrients and gasses:
4. amino acids, sugars and lipids
5. sugars: glucose, glycogen
6. lipids: triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol

• These are usually combined with protein (lipoprotein)
• Very low density (VLDL), low density (LDL), high density (HDL)
• Fats are less dense than protein
• As fat content decreases, density increases
• Apoproteins are molecules that can attach to receptors Process:
• VLDL carry fats from liver that were formed from carbs
• VLDL are converted to LDL at adipose tissue
• LDL molecules have high cholesterol content
• Liver cells have receptors that remove LDL
• Chylomicrons are converted to HDL D. Non-protein nitrogen:

1. Amino acids, urea, uric acid, creatine, creatinine
2. Creatine is stored as creatine phosphate – high density
3. A rise in NpN may be a symptom of renal failure, infection or excessive protein Metabolism E. Blood Coagulation:
4. Blood clots maintain homeostasis
5. Clotting depends on:

• Factors that enhance clotting
• Factors that inhibit clotting

3. Process is as follows:

• Tissue damaged – release thromboplastin
• Blood vessel spasms
• Platelet plug formation
• Extrinsic clot formation
• Prothrombin activator
• Prothrombin + Ca converted to thrombin
• Fibrinogen goes to fibrin
• Blood clot formation

4. Intrinsic blood clot

• Blood contacts foreign surface
• Hageman factor activation

• Series of reactions
• Prothrombin activator
• Thrombin – fibrinogen – fibrin – blood clots